Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds
Proteins
1.
2. Are the macromolecules that carry out virtually all of a cell’
activities; they are the molecular tools and machines that make
things happen.
Proteins
Greek word "Proteios" means “Primary or holding first place.”
Composed of amino acids.
3. Functions
Repair and
maintenance
Protein is vital in the maintenance of body tissue,
including development and repair. Hair, skin, eyes,
muscles and organs.
Functions of Protein
Transportation and
Storage of
Molecules
Protein is a major element in transportation of
certain molecules.
For example, hemoglobin is a protein that
transports oxygen throughout the body. Protein
is also sometimes used to store certain
molecules. Ferritin is an example of a protein
that combines with iron for storage in the liver.
4. Provide
Energy
Protein is a major source of energy. If you consume more
protein than you need for body tissue maintenance and
other necessary functions, your body will use it for
energy. If it is not needed due to sufficient intake of other
energy sources such as carbohydrates, the protein will be
used to create fat and becomes part of fat cells.
Regulate
Hormones
and Enzyme
•Help control body functions that involve the
interaction of several organs.
•Insulin, a small protein, is an example of a hormone
that regulates blood sugar. It involves the interaction of
organs such as the pancreas and the liver.
•Secretin, is another example of a protein hormone.
This substance assists in the digestive process by
stimulating the pancreas and the intestine to create
necessary digestive juices.
5. Antibodies
Protein forms antibodies that help prevent infection,
illness and disease. These proteins identify and assist in
destroying antigens such as bacteria and viruses. They
often work in conjunction with the other immune system
cells.
For example, these antibodies identify and then surround
antigens in order to keep them contained until they can be
destroyed by white blood cells.
8. • Only eleven amino acids can be built by the body non-essential
amino acids (dispensable amino acids)
•Nine amino acids cannot be built by the body called essential
amino acids (indispensable acids)
Essential amino acids
Leucine Methionine
Isoleucine Phenylalanine
Valine Threonine
Histidine Tryptophan
Lysine
Non-Essential Amino Acid
Alanine Glutamic acid
Arginine Serine
Asparagine Glutamine
Aspartic acid Glycine
Cysteine Tyrosine
Proline
Synthesized by the body
Obtained from Nutrition
9. Level of Protein Structure
Primary Protein Structure
-the sequence of amino acids joined
by peptide bonds.
Secondary Protein Structure
- Hydrogen bonding between
amino acids causes the
polypeptide to form an alpha
helix or a pleated sheet.
10. Tertiary Protein structure
- the folding that results in the
final three dimensional shape
of a polypeptide.
Quaternary Protein Structure
- when two or more polypeptides
join to form a single protein.
