Day 3 Presentation

1. Presenter: Dr. Mary Lundeba
Climate-smart aquaculture
(CSA) for smallholder
fish farmers in Zambia:
25|May 2022

2. Importance of goat production by smallholder
farmers
Goat production has many positive attributes that make them favourable for
smallholder farmers as a means of survival such as:
 Goats are prolific in nature
 Low inputs for a moderate level of production
 Early maturity and their profitability
 Goats make a significant contribution to rural farmers and stability of
small farm systems under climate shocks such as inadequate rainfall, high
temperatures etc.

3. Importance of goat production by smallholder
farmers
 Goats make a significant contribution to rural farmers and stability of small
farm systems under climate shocks such as inadequate rainfall, high
temperatures etc.
 Contribute to food and nutritional security
 Goats have a liquid market (lots of buyers and easy to sell), which facilitates
smallholder farmers to cover their family expenses
 Goats are used for social events such as weddings and traditional
ceremonies, payment of dowry, at funerals and settlement of disputes in the
rural villages

4. Importance of goat production by smallholder
farmers
 Goats are a source of social security for the rural areas
 They are a ‘Walking Savings Bank Account’
 With the increasing real demand both on the domestic and international
markets, goats are no longer referred to as a poor man’s animal
 Additionally, goat-rearing creates employment opportunities and is an
easy way to create wealth through sale of animals, milk, skins which can
be used for making various household goods such as stools, drum and
chairs

5. Importance of goat production by smallholder
farmers
 Goats also contribute to motivation and prestige in families as goats are
real assets
 Furthermore, goat production can be integrated with fish farming and
increase the efficiency of both goat and fish production
 This will enhance the resilience of smallholder farmers against climatic
risks

6. Breeds of goats found in Zambia
Breed Picture Characteristics Usage
Plateau Goat -Found in the plateau areas of
Zambia
-Medium sized with mixed colours
-Adult weight: male 45kg and
female 25-30kg
-Mostly meat
& skins
-Sometimes
milk
Gwembe goat -Mostly found in Gwembe
district; prolific breeder
-Small hardy compact
-Mixture of black, brown and white
colours
-Adult weight: males 25kg and
females
20kg
-Poor milker

7. Breeds of goats found in Zambia
Breed Picture Characteristics Usage
Sinazongwe Goat -Predominantly found in Sinazongwe
-Relatively larger than the Gwembe
goat
-Has long beard
Small hardy compact
-Coat colour: mixture of black, and
white, or brown and white colours
-Mostly meat
and skins
-Sometimes
milk
Unidentified goat
strains
-Mainly found in Central Province
-Has characteristic tuft of long hair on
the
forehead
Mostly meat
and skins

8. Breeds of goats found in Zambia
Breed Picture Characteristics Usage
Bantu goats
(Local)
-Medium sized with mixed colours
-Adult weight: male 30kg and female
25kg
Meat and
skins
Boer goat (exotic)
South African origin
-White with brown spots or reddish
brown
heads and neck
-Adult weight: male 70kg and female
50kg
-Can give 1/2 –2 L of milk per day
-Large dropping ears
Meat, milk
and skins

9. Breeds of goats found in Zambia
Breed Picture Characteristics Usage
Saanen (Exotic) -Originally from Ireland
-Coat colour: White colour
-Erect ears
-Adult weight: males 75kg and
females 65kg
-Can give 3-5L of milk per day
Milk
Toggenburg
(Exotic)
-European breeds
-Colour: brown with white lines on
face
-Adult weight: male 80kg and female
70kg
-Can give 3L of milk per day
-Medium forward erect ears
Mainly for
milk

10. Breeds of goats found in Zambia
Breed Picture Characteristics Usage
Anglo-Nubian
(Nubian)
-Colour: roan and white
-Body weight: 65 to 75kg
-Udder is long pendulous
-Looks proud
-2.5L of milk per day
-Originally crosses of British/African
and
Indian goats
-Long dangling ears
Milk and
meat
Alpine
(French Alpine)
-Hardy and adaptable
-Various colours
-Males weigh 60kg and females 65kg
-Excellent milkers
-Forward-pointing erect ears.
Milk

11. Integrating goats and fish
At least 300-600 goats are essential to fertilize 1 ha pond
The goats should be provided with a dry, safe, comfortable house
protected from excessive heat
Goats can be kept under a house constructed on the elevated portion of
the dyke for facilitating the waste disposal into the ponds

12. Housing for goats in relation to aquaculture
 Good housing is key for prevention of unnecessary losses of animals
from diseases, predatory attacks, thefts and unfavorable weather
 Most health problems in goats are attributed to poor hygiene in the goat
houses and premises
 Kids, if not properly housed will be attacked by predators such as dogs
and will be exposed to parasites and disease conditions

13. Housing for goats in relation to aquaculture
 This can lead to loss of animals in the flock and ultimately productivity
and income
 In order to minimize goat housing construction costs and maximize on
profits, a farmer should use appropriate and locally available materials
such as poles, grass thatch or iron roofing sheets

14. Integrating goats and fish
Vertical integration

15. Sitting a goat for semi integration with fish
 Semi-integration is where integration of farming activities is all on the
same farm but set independently e.g. poultry, goat, pig houses, and
crops are placed away from fish ponds, but benefit from each other in
terms of manure, crop-by products, pond mud, nutrient-rich pond water
etc., for sustenance
 A goat house for semi-integration with fish should be constructed within
100m from the dwelling house and on well drained ground

16. Qualities of a good goat house
 Simple and made with local materials such as poles, grass thatch, etc.
 Should have a shelter against rain, sun, wind, predators and thieves
 Have raised slatted floor to prevent diseases, reduce attacks by
predators and allow for easy collection of manure
 Strong doors to protect animals from predators and thieves and animals
from escaping
 Should have feed and water troughs

17. Qualities of a good goat house
 Good ventilation to prevent respiratory infections (e.g. pneumonia)
 Adequate space to avoid overcrowding, contamination and discomfort
 The roof should have a good slope and an overhang of at least 0.5m to
allow efficient run-off and prevent water from falling into the structure
 Distance between slats on the floor should be 1.5 - 2 cm (about the
thickness of a thumb of an adult) to prevent injury to kids

18. Qualities of a good goat house
 Fence off the goat house to contain the animals during bad weather
 Partition the house for kids, sick animals, etc.
 Plant trees for shade on the housing site or locate it under a shade

19. Dimensions for an improved goat house
0.5m (roof overhang)
1.5m
Floor
1.2m
Ground

20. Examples of improved goat houses/shelters

21. Examples of improved goat houses/shelters

22. Management Systems
 Goats are raised under various systems in Zambia, with free range
browsing/ grazing and housing them at night being common among
smallholder farmer
 During the cropping season (November-June), goats are usually
restrained by putting them in enclosures or are tethered to avoid crop
damage
 Advantages and disadvantages of management systems in relation to
aquaculture are the same as in poultry

23. Good management practices
 There are a number of routine management practices which should be
carried out in order to efficiently run a goat production farm. Below are
some of the good management practices:
 Observe goats to check for health or illness
 Feed your goats well to help them fight off diseases through their
defense mechanism
 Provide goats with adequate clean water; water can be placed in
drinking troughs within the fence or inside the goat house
remove goat manure regularly

24. Good management practices
 Remove goat manure regularly
Other routine practices:
 Deworming goats two or three times during the rainy season to help
control internal parasites
 Dipping and spraying to help control external parasites such as ticks, lice
and mites
 Castrate males to control breeding for only desirable characteristics
(traits)

25. Feeding and nutrition of goats
Why is good nutrition important in goats?
 General good health to fight off diseases
 Fast growth rates
 Good reproduction
 High milk yield

26. Goat feeding and nutrition
Points to note:
 Goats are more of browsers than grazers and may not do well if denied
access to bushes and trees
 Goats will eat a wide range of vegetation including thorny bushes
 Good quality pasture must have a balance of grasses and legumes.
Grasses are rich in fibre and energy while legumes are rich in proteins

27. Goat feeding and nutrition
 Goats will do well if given access to carbohydrates and protein feeds like
maize, millet, sorghum, or cereal bran, sunflower cake, groundnut cake
and soya beans
 Soya beans must be boiled and crushed before being fed to goats
 Goats prefer to eat leaves from trees; provide green tender grass or
leaves to goats

28. Goat feeding and nutrition
 Goats need regular water to drink
 Local goats on average may require 2-10 litres of water daily depending
on size
 Goats feeding on young growing grass may appear to do well without
water but milk production and growth rate are seriously affected
 Other feed stuffs include crop residues, cereal stover/straw, stover and
hulls of cowpeas, beans and groundnuts

29. Goat feeding and nutrition
 Adult goats can eat about 1-1.6kg of dry grass/day or 4 to 6kg of fresh
grass
 During the dry season, pastures become old and tough and contain
fewer nutrients, therefore animals require supplements

30. Diseases and health management of goats
 Generally, goats are highly resistant to many diseases
 However, overcrowding, poor housing and sanitation, inadequate
ventilation among others may lead to many diseases, which could result
in low production and productivity
 Therefore, health management including preventative measures are
critical to avoid loses

31. Common diseases of goats
Group work
Discussion on goat diseases, prevention and
treatment

32. Thank you