💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️7304373326💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalor...
Introduction of hormone & Anterior pituitary drugs
1. Introduction of hormone &
Anterior pituitary drugs
By
Dr. Manoj Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Adesh Medical College & Hospital Ambala Can’t
.
2. HYPOTHALAMUS&ANTERIOR
PITUITARY HORMONES
Hormones secreted by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
They act by binding to specific receptor sites on their target tissues.
These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the
physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual
development and function.
The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one
or several organs throughout the body.
Regulated by neuropeptides that are called either ‘ Releasing’ or
‘Inhibiting’ factors or hormones
3. General Functions of Hormones
Help regulate:
Extracellular fluid
Metabolism
Biological clock
Contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle
Glandular secretion
Some immune functions
Growth & development
Reproduction
5. General Mechanisms of HormoneAction
• Hormone binds to cell surface or
receptor inside target cell
• Then
– synthesize new molecules
– change permeability of membrane
– alter rates of reactions
• Each target cell responds to hormone differently
– liver cells-- insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis
– adipose-- insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis
6. Control of Hormone Secretion
• Regulated by signals from nervous system,
chemical changes in the blood or by other
hormones
• Negative feedback control (most common)
– decrease/increase in blood level is reversed
hormone
• Positive feedback control
– more hormone to be released
• Disorders involve either hyposecretion or
hypersecretion of a hormone
7. Overproduction of a hormone
Underproduction of a hormone
Nonfunctional receptors that cause target cells to
become insensitive to hormones
Endocrine-related Problems
10. GROWTH HORMONE
GH
Growth Hormone (GH), 191 Amino acid, single chain peptide ,
MW 2200
GH also known as Somatotropin is a peptide hormone that
stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in
humans.
With the increasing age GH secretion.
Synthetic human GH (Somatropin) is produced using recombinant
DNA technology.
11. Physiological role:
GH promotes growth by inducing hyperplasia.
But GH is not responsible for growth of brain and eye.
It promotes retention of nitrogen, Calcium & other tissue constituents
Increased uptake of amino acids by tissues and their synthesis into
proteins.
GH promotes utilization of fat and carbohydrates;
Reduce uptake of glucose by muscles but output from liver is
enhanced.
Induce lipolysis in adipose tissue.
GH mediates some anabolic effects on skeletal muscle & promotes
bone growth.
12. Pathological role:
Deficiency of GH (Lack of GHRF):
Resulting in Pituitary dwarfism.
GH used in treatment of Turner's syndrome
(chromosomal disorder), chronic renal insufficiency in
children.
GH is also used illegally by athletes to increase muscle
mass.
Excessive production of GH: resulting in gigantism
(Children) & acromegaly (adults).
In adults, benign pituitary tumour resulting excessive
production of GH. Causes enlargement of facial
structures, hands and feet.
13. Mechanism ofAction
Growth hormone stimulates liver to
secrete IGF-1 which stimulates
proliferation of Chondrocytes
resulting in bone growth.
14. Therapeutic Use
Pituitarydwarfism
Used in treatment of GH deficiency adult.
Turner syndrome
Chronic renal insufficiency
Constitutional short stature children
AIDS related wasting
Used in adults to increase lean body mass
Bone density and skin thickness
Used as an Anti AgingAgent.
.
15. PHARMACOKINETICS
Somatropin is administered by subcutaneous or IM injection.
Half life of GH is short (approximately 25 min).
Preparations/ Dosing:
For treatment of pituitary dwarfism-0.03-0.07 mg/kg (0.06-0.16
Units/kg) i.m. or s.c. 3 times a week upto the age of 20-25 years.
Treatment of excess GH secretion is with dopamine agonist
bromocriptine and octreotide is advised.
16. Adverse drug reaction:
Allergic reaction.
Pain at injection site.
Lipodystrophy (abnormal distribution of fat in the body).
Glucose intolerance.
Hypothyroidism.
Salt and water retention.
Hand stiffness & myalgia.
Raise in intracranial tension.
17. Somatostatin
14 amino acid peptide
Produce mainly by hypothalamus and also in GIT
Inhibits secretion of GH, TSH, prolactin by pituitary and
insulin, glucagon by pancreas
All GIT secretions are inhibited including (Gastrin, HCl) -
ADR
Diarrhoea, nausea, dyspepsia, stetorrhoea, hypochlorhydria .
Constrict hepatic, splanchnic and renal blood vessels
18. Uses:
Acromegaly: limited use due to short half-life (2-3 min)
GI haemorrhages (250 mcg slow IV, 3 mg infusion for 12 Hrs)
Pancreatic, biliary and intestinal fistulae – antisecretory effects
GIT tumors producing excess HCl
Diabetic ketoacidosis (inhibits glucagon and GH secretion)
Drawbacks: Short duration (2-3 min) and rebound GH secretion
19. Octreotide
Synthetic analogue of Somatostatin and 40 times more potent
Longer duration of action (t 1/2 – 90 min)
In acromegaly preferred - Injection (100 μg) s.c thrice daily
Monitor serum GH and IGF-1 levels to assess effectiveness
Goal – decrease GH levels < 2ng/ml & IGF-1 levels within
normal range.
Binds to receptors on GH secreting tumors - decreases tumor
size
Inhibits TSH secretion and is treatment of choice in thyrotrope
adenoma that over secrete TSH.
20. Other Uses:
– Secretory diarrhoeas associated with carcinoid, AIDS, cancer
chemotherapy or diabetes (100 mcg SC twice daily)
– Oesophageal bleeding (100 mcg followed by 25-50 mcg/hr)
– Used for diagnostic imaging of neuroendocrine tumors
– such as pituitary adenoma and carcinoids
• Adverse effects:
• abdominal pain, steatorrhoea, diarrhoea and gall
stones
• Lanreotide and Pegvisomant (acromegaly)
21. GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
GnRH
It is a dipeptide obtained from
hypothalamus.
It is essential for release of
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
23. Adverse Effect
In women
Hot flushes
Sweating
Depression
Ovarian cysts
In men:
Hot flushes
Edema
Gynecomastia
24. PROLACTIN
production 199 Amino acid, single chain peptide , MW 23000
Hypothalamus regulates lactotroph cells (PRH)
Lactotrophs produce prolactin
Primary stimulate = prolaction + estrogen + progestron + other
Increase growth & development
Prolactin causes milk production
Suckling reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition and prolactin
levels rise along with milk production
25. GH and development of breast during pregnancy.
It causes proliferation of ductal as well as acinar cells in the
breast and induces synthesis of milk proteins and lactose.
Pathological role:
Hyper prolactinaemia is responsible for the galactorrhoea,
amenorrhoea, infertility syndrome in males.
Disorders of hypothalamus decreases inhibitory control over
pituitary.
Antidopaminergic and DA depleting drugs causes hyper
prolactinaemia.
Physiological role:
26. Prolactin inhibitor:
a)Bromocriptine: synthetic ergot derivative 2-bromo-aergocryptine is a potent
dopamine agonist weak a adrenergic blocker .
b) Cabergoline: It is a newer D2 agonist; more potent; more D2 selective
and longer acting (t½> 60 days) than bromocriptine less side effects than
bromocriptine.
Pharmacological actions:
Activating dopaminergic receptors and decreases Prolactin release.
In normal individuals increases GH release but decreases the same from
pituitary tumours that cause acromegaly.
It has levodopa like actions in CNS-antiparkinsonian and behavioural effects
produces nausea and vomiting by stimulating dopaminergic receptor in CTZ.
Decreases GI motility.
27. Pharmcokinetics: Partially absorbed (1/3rd), high first pass
reaches peak plasma concentration within 1-2 Hrs, crosses BBB,
metabolites are excreted in Bile, t1/2 - 3-6 Hrs
Uses:
Hyperprolactinemia: In women it shows galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea and
infertility & men gynaecomastia, impotence and sterility.
lower doses ( bromocriptine 2.5-10 mg/ day or cabergoline 0.25-1.0 mg twice
weekly) are effective.
Acromegaly (Due to small pituitary tumours) : Slightly higher doses of
bromocriptine required (5-20 mg/day) .
Parkinsonism: Bromocriptine effective only at high doses (20-80 mg/day) and
response is similar to that of levodopa .
29. Cabergoline
• New D2 agonist
• More potent and more D2 selective
• Very long half life – 60 days or more
• Twice weekly dose
• Lesser nausea and vomiting
• Better patient compliance and tolerance
• Preferred for hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly
30. Gonadotropins – FSH and LH
FSH: induces follicular growth, development of ovum and secretion of estrogen.
In male – spermatogenesis and trophic to seminiferous tubules.
Atrophy of ovary and testes in absence
LH: Ripening of graafian follicles, triggers ovulation, rupture of follicles and
sustaining of corpus luteum.
In male stimulates testosterone secretion
Receptors: GPCR – cAMP – gametogenesis
Regulation: GnRH (FSH/LH-RH) – single releasing factor for both
Secretes in pulses – high frequency, low amplitude and low frequency, high
amplitude
estrogen and progesteron are feedback inhibitors
Also Testosterone – weak inhibitor of FSH and LH secretion
Inhibin – inhibits FSH and Dopamine inhibits LH
31. Source of gonadotropins
Preparations
– Menotropin (FSH + LH)
– Urofollitropin or pure menotropins (pure FSH)
– Placenta: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – only
LH activity – urine of pregnant women
– Recombinant: rFSH and rLH
Adverse effects: Ovarian bleeding, polycystic ovary, pain
in lower abdomen – due to hyper stimulation
– Precocious puberty
– Allergic reactions (skin test)
– edema, headache, mood changes
32. uses
1. Infertility in men & women
2. Diagnosis of hypogonadism
3. Control ovarian hyp0stimulation
4. Endometriosis
5. Uterine fibroids
6. Central precocious puberty
7. Prostatic cancer
33. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
(GnRH)
• Synthetic GnRH – 100 mg IV – causes release of FSH and
LH
• Short plasma half-life: 4-8 minutes (rapid enzymatic
degradation)
• Used for testing pituitary gonadal axis in male and female
hypogonadism
– Desensitization of pituitary gonadotropes – loss of Gn release
34. GnRH antagonists
•
•
•
•
•
Inhibits Gn without initial stimulation
Older ones - Reactions due to histamine release
Newer – Ganirelix, cetrorelix
Used in in vitro fertilization for suppression of LH surge
Advantages:
– Quick – competitive antagonist
– Lower risk of ovarian hyperstimulation
– Complete suppression
35. Nafarelin
Long acting GnRH agonist and 150 times more potent than GnRH - Plasma
half-life 2 -3 hrs
Peak down regulation of pituitary GnRH receptors – 1 month
Goserelin:
Long acting – used as depot – Gn suppression, Ca Prostate, endometriosis
etc. – 1-3 weeks earlier before ovulation
Triptorelin
SC injection (female infertility). For long-term use – IM injection monthly
Leuprolide: Long acting IM/SC
36. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ACTH
Hypothalamus secretes Corticotropin releasing hormone which
releases peptide Pro- Opiomelanocortin by the pituitary.
Then Pro-opiomelanocortin is converted into Adrenocorticotropic
hormone.
37. Physiological role:
ACTH plays a role in glucose metabolism and immune function.
The highest levels of cortisol are seen in the early morning, and
the lowest levels are in the evening.
This concept is important for diagnostic testing.
Promotes sterodogenesis in adrenal cortex by stimulating cAMP
Pathological role:
Addison‘s disease (autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
causes decreases level of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
Cushing's disease (Increased ACTH caused by a non-cancerous
tumour called an adenoma located in the pituitary gland produces
hyperfunctioning of gland)
38. Mechanism ofAction
ACTH binds to specific receptors on the cell
surfaces of the adrenal cortex.
The occupied receptors activate G Protein-
Coupled processes to increase cAMP ,which
in turn stimulates the adrenocorticosteroid
synthetic pathway (cholesterol to
pregnolone).
40. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin)
It is a 210 amino acid, two chain glycoprotein (22% sugar), MW
30000.
Physiological function:
TSH stimulates thyroid to synthesize and secrete thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3).
Induces hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid follicles and
increases blood supply to the gland.
Promotes synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Pathological role:
Hypo-or hyperthyroidism are due to inappropriate TSH secretion.
Uses:
Thyrotropin has no therapeutic use only used for diagnosis purpose
of myxoedema.