refered from book vegetable crops by thamburaj, other books and internet sources

1. 1

2. WELCOME
Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural
University
College Of Horticulture Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
Presented by
MANIKANTA R
RHM/2018-11
Dept. of vegetable science
CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF MINOR TUBER CROPS
Submitted to
Smt. K. Nirosha
Assistant Professor
Dept. of vegetable science
2

3. MINOR TUBER CROPS
• West Indian arrow root
• Giant taro
• Queensland arrow root
• Chinese potato
• Winged bean
• Yam bean
3

4. WEST INDIAN ARROWROOT
• Common names :- Arrowroot, Bermuda arrowroot, St. Vincent
arrowroot, poor man root crop
• Botanical name :- Maranta arundinacea L.
• Family :- Marantaceae.
• Origin :- Tropical America
• It is mainly cultivated in the West Indies, which produces about 95 per cent
of the world's commercial supply.
• Chromosome no :- 2n = 48
• Edible part :- Rhizomes
4

5. BOTANY
• An erect, herbaceous, dichotomously
branched perennial.
• Grows 60-180 cm high.
• white flowers arranged in twin clusters,
which very rarely produce red seeds.
• large, fleshy, cylindrical, obovoid
subterranean rhizomes,
5

6. COMPOSITION
• Fresh rhizomes contains :-
• Moisture – 63.4%
• Starch – 27.8%
• Fibre – 3%
• Protein – 1.6%
• Fat – 0.2%
6

7. USES :-
• Rhizomes are used for the production of a very fine, easily-digested
starch.
• The rhizomes are valued as food stuff.
• Biscuits of its is popular in India.
• As a base for face powder.
• In the preparation of specialized glues.
• In the manufacture of carbonless paper for computers.
• The starch possesses anti-diarrhoeal properties and is used in the
treatment of intestinal disorders
7

8. CULTIVATION
CONDITIONS
• Temperature :- arrowroot is a tropical plant that
grows best at temperatures of 20-30°C.
• Rainfall :- a minimum annual rainfall of 95-150 cm is
required, yields are only obtained where the rainfall is
evenly distributed throughout the year or where the dry
season is of short duration.
• Soil :- deep, well-drained, slightly acid, loam soils for
the best results.
• It is recommended that on the St. Vincent soils the
crop should receive an 8:5:14 NPK mixture at the rate
of 900 kg/ha.
8

9. VARIETIES / CULTIVARS
• Two main cultivars are recognised in St. Vincent: 'Creole', which has
long thin rhizomes, which spread more widely and penetrate more
deeply into the soil and 'Banana', which has shorter, thicker, less
fibrous rhizomes, produced near the soil surface. The latter is more
easily adapted to mechanical harvesting.
• A/C to colour there are blue and yellow types of which yellow are
generally grown but blue yields higher than yellow.
9

10. INTERCULTURAL
OPERATIONS
• Irrigations :- The crop is predominantly grown as a
rainfed crop, During tuberization and tuber
development phase of first 3-4 month in case of
irregular rainfall, supplementary irrigation is essential
at 10-15 days intervals as per condition of the soil.
• Flowers should be nipped off as they appear.
• Field requires weeding and shallow earthing up time
to time.
10

11. PLANTING PROCEDURE
• Material - arrowroot is normally propagated from 'bits' which are small
pieces of rhizomes 4-7 cm in length, with buds on them.
• In parts of Asia the 'bits' are sometimes treated with smoke to aid
germination.
• Method - planting starts at the beginning of the rainy season, Holes about
5-7.5 cm deep are made and the pieces of rhizome are dropped in and
covered with soil.
• Field spacing - an average spacing of 30 x 30 cm is recommended.
• Seed rate - approximately 3000-3500 kg of 'bits' are required to plant one
hectare.
11

12. FIELD VIEW
12

13. PESTS AND DISEASES
• Arrowroot is not normally subject to serious
attacks by pests or diseases.
• leaf roller
• Two leaf blights, caused by Rhizoctonia solani
and Pellicularia filamentosa, are reported to
infect arrowroot in India
Physiological disorder
A condition known as 'cigar roots', in which the rhizomes become elongated and
very fibrous, has also been reported from the Caribbean which is thought to be due
to nutritional deficiencies.
13

14. HARVESTING AND
YIELD
• The rhizomes mature in 10-11 months.
• when the leaves begin to wilt and die down
• The plants are usually dug up by hand and the rhizomes separated from
the leafy stem.
• Average yield of rhizomes is about 4-7 t/ha , favourable 12.5 t/ha,
• yield of starch at the factories is 8-16 per cent.
14

15. PROCESSING
• The rhizomes are washed and the skin scales are carefully peeled
from the white fleshy core, otherwise they impart a bitter taste to the
final product.
• The peeled rhizomes are washed again and grated into a coarse pulp.
• The pulp is mixed with a large quantity of clean water and the
mixture passed over a series of sieves to separate the fibre.
• The liquid is allowed to stand and the starch to settle out on long
tables.
• The starch is removed from the tables, mixed with more water and
resettled overnight.
• After drying, the lumps of starch are pulverised and prepared for
marketing in different grades according to viscosity ratings. The
pulverised starch is packed in moisture-proof bags.
15

16. ARROWROOT POWDER
16

17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Thamburaj, S and Singh. Textbook of vegetables, tuber crops
and spices. ICAR, New Delhi.
• K. L. Chadha. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR, New Delhi.
• Ghoshs. P Ramanujan, and Nair, 1988. tuber crops. Oxford,
New Delhi.
• Root crops (2nd edition) (NRI, 1987, 308 P).
• BOLT, A. 1962. Monopoly island - arrowroot. World Crops, 14,
386-388.
17

18. GIANT TARO
• Common name :- Elephant ear
• Botanical name :- Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don
• Family :- Araceae
• Origin :- Sri Lanka
• Chromosome no :- 2n = 28
• Edible part :- Tubers
18

19. BOTANY AND USES
• Giant taro is a tall succulent herbaceous plant,
reaching 4.5 m in height, Leaves more or less
heart-shaped.
• Several cultivars of A. macrorrhiza are reported to be
cyanogenic; the cyanogenic glycoside is not present in
the corms or stems, but the young leaves have been
found to contain up to 0.018 per cent of hydrogen
cyanide.
Main uses
• stem tuber is peeled, cut into pieces and eaten as
a vegetable after cooking.
• Also used in curries.
• ornamental foliage plants. 19

20. CULTIVATION
CONDITIONS
• Temperature - essentially tropical plant
and temperatures below 10°C are
detrimental to growth.
• Rainfall – it requires a reasonably high
(in excess of 170 cm per year) evenly-
distributed rainfall cannot stand
waterlogging.
• Soil - medium to heavy soils provided
with adequate drainage.
20

21. PLANTING PROCEDURE
• Material - suckers are commonly used, but shoot tips with a few
inches of stem and rolled up young leaves, or sections of stem having
two or three buds are also frequently employed.
• Method - planting is in holes 15-25 cm deep for suckers or 8-15
cm deep for cormels
• Field spacing - Alocasia is commonly an intercrop with yams, and the
spacing is usually 3.5 x 3.5 m. In pure stand 60 x 60 cm to 1.5 x 1.5 m
is used.
sucker
21

22. FIELD VIEW
22

23. PESTS AND DISEASES
• The giant taro is resistant to most pests and diseases, although in India
considerable losses have been reported due to an unidentified bacterial
leaf spot disease.
23

24. HARVESTING AND
YIELD
• The crop life is usually 12-18 months, but harvesting can be delayed
for up to four years.
• The giant taro is normally dug out, the plant can remain in the ground
for about 3 months after reaching maturity without any deterioration
and is in fact often 'field-stored'.
• Yield at 11 months will give about 7-11 t/ha (1.8-2.7 kg per
plant)
24

25. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Thamburaj, S and Singh, N.2001. Textbook of vegetables, tuber crops
and spices. ICAR, New Delhi.
• Root crops (2nd edition) (NRI, 1987, 308 P).
• ASTHANA, R. P. 1946. Bacterial leaf-spot on arum. Current Science,
15 (12), 356.
• BARRAU, J. 1957. Les arac ubercules alimentaires des s du Pacifique
sud. Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliqu 4 (1), 34-
52.
25

26. QUEENSLAND
ARROWROOT
• Common names :- Australian arrowroot, Edible canna.
• Botanical name :- Canna indica L. syn. C. edulis Ker-Gawl.
• Family :- Cannaceae.
• Origin :- Andean region of South America
• Chromosome no :- 2n = 18
• Edible part :- Rhizomes
26

27. BOTANY AND USES
• A perennial, herbaceous
monocotyledon.
• The stems are usually purple,
normally 0.9-1.8 m in height.
• The rhizomes have fleshy segments
resembling corms, and are borne in
clumps which can reach 60 cm in
length.
uses
• Young rhizomes are eaten as a
vegetable and also after cooking.
• The young shoots and petioles
are used as a fodder.
27

28. CULTIVATION
CONDITIONS
• where the days are as warm as 32°C and the nights as cool as 7°C.
• Soil -The best yields are obtained on deep sandy loams, rich in
humus.
28

29. PLANTING
PROCEDURE
• Material - normally propagated from the underground fleshy
rhizomes
• rhizomes are sometimes dipped in a 10 per cent solution of copper
sulphate before planting.
• The rhizomes are planted 12.5-15 cm deep in furrows.
• Field should be free from weeds during the initial stages of growth by
thorough inter-row cultivation.
• Field spacing – 90×90 cm
• Seed rate - approximately 2.5 tonnes of rhizomes per hectare
29

30. FIELD VIEW
30

31. FIELD VIEW
31

32. PESTS AND DISEASES
• Queensland arrowroot is relatively free from pests and diseases.
grasshoppers
32

33. HARVESTING AND
YIELD
• The rhizomes are normally sufficiently mature for lifting 6-8 months
after planting
Yield
• Starch of about 1 tonne is obtained from 10 tonnes of rhizomes.
33

34. PROCESSING
• The rhizomes are washed and the fibrous roots removed by hand. This
step is difficult to mechanise because of the irregular size and shape of
the rhizomes.
• The washed rhizomes then pass to a rasping machine and a slurry is
produced.
• The starch quickly settles out with starch milk of an initial solids
content of approximately 5 per cent, precipitation is complete in about
20 minutes.
• The starch is then run off from the bottom of the settling tanks
• After repeated washing the pure starch is dried.
34

35. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Thamburaj, S and Singh, N.2001. Textbook of vegetables, tuber crops
and spices. ICAR, New Delhi.
• Root crops (2nd edition) (NRI, 1987, 308 P).
• ANON. 1929. Edible canna. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal, 26, 604
607.
• ANON. 1929. The edible canna. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, (8), 266-268.
• GADE, D. W. 1966. Achira, the edible canna, its cultivation and use in
the Peruvian Andes. Economic Botany, 20, 407-415.
35

36. CHINESE POTATO
• Common names :- Hausa potato, Coleus potato,
Country potato
• Botanical name :- Solenostemon rotundifolius
• Family :- Labiatae.
• Origin :- central or east Africa,
• Chromosome no :- 2n = 56,64
• Edible part :- Tubers
36

37. BOTANY AND USES
• A small, herbaceous annual, grows 30 cm high,
prostrate
• Thickish leaves having an aromatic smell
resembling that of mint.
• Flowers are small, pale violet in colour,
• Small dark-brown tubers are produced in
clusters at the base of the stem.
uses
• The tubers can be used as a potato substitute
• usually cooked in a curry and eaten with rice,
but they can also be boiled, baked or fried
similarly to potato chips.
• In Africa, the hausa potato is sometimes used
in the treatment of dysentery and in the
treatment of certain eye disorders.
37

38. CULTIVATION CONDITIONS
AND VARIETIES
• Crop thrives well under tropical and subtropical climatic
conditions.
• Rainfall - evenly-distributed rainfall and low night temperatures
favour the development of tubers.
• Soil - optimum yields are obtained on well-drained, sandy
loams.
• Manure – 10 tonnes of FYM, NPK @ 30:60:50 Kg/ha.
Varieties :-
• Sree Dhara - developed at CTCRI,
Thiruvananthapuram. Yield 25 t/ha.
• Nidhi - developed at KAU, kerala. Yield 27.9 t/ha. 38

39. PLANTING
PROCEDURE
• Material - generally propagated by suckers obtained from germinating
tubers.
• 50 Kg seed tubers will produce enough planting material to plant one
hectare.
• The tubers germinate in 10-15 days, and give rise to a cluster of
sprouts, which are ready for transplanting to the field after about
3 months.
• Spacing – 45×30 or 60×30cm
39

40. AFTERCARE
• Initial weeding operations are done 3 weeks after
planting. The second weeding is done 6 weeks after
planting along with half dose of N and K
• PGR – foliar spraying of cycocel (100 – 150ppm) thrice
enhances tuber yield.
• Irrigation is given as and when required to provide
adequate moisture during tuber development phase.
40

41. FIELD VIEW
41

42. PESTS AND DISEASES
• The hausa potato is relatively free from pests and diseases though
Pycnarmon cribata, Phostria piasusalis and a leaf folder, Hymenia
curvalis, have been reported from India as being important. These have
been controlled by spraying with pesticides such as dimethoate.
• Root knot nematode is a serious pest causing large swellings or galls in
root tubers. Results in stunted growth and wilting.
42

43. HARVESTING
AND YIELD
• The crop normally reaches maturity in 4-6 month.
• (It has been reported that tuber initiation may be accelerated by about
2 weeks by treatment of the young plants with chlormequat or
ethephon (ethrel).)
• The tubers are ready for harvesting when the leaves begin to wither,
and are normally dug by hand. Harvesting cannot be delayed as the
mature tubers deteriorate rapidly if left in the soil,
• Yield :- Yields normally range from 7 to 15 t/ha,
43

44. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Thamburaj, S and Singh, N.2001. Textbook of vegetables, tuber crops
and spices. ICAR, New Delhi.
• K. L. Chadha. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR, New Delhi.
• T.R. Gopalkrishnan, Vegetable crops.
• Root crops (2nd edition) (NRI, 1987, 308 P).
• DALZIEL, J. M. 1948. Coleus Lour. The useful plants of west tropical
Africa, pp. 459-460. London: The Crown Agents for the Colonies, 612
pp.
44

45. WINGED BEAN
• Common names :- Asparagus bean or pea, Four-angled,
or Four-cornered bean, Goa bean and Manila bean
• Botanical name :- Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)
DC.
• Family :- Leguminosae.
• Origin :- Africa (Madagascar or Mauritius)
• Chromosome no :- 2n = 18
• Edible part :- Whole plant
45

46. BOTANY
AND USES
• A climbing perennial, The leaves
are trifoliate, The inflorescence
is borne on an axillary raceme.
• The roots are normally heavily
nodulated.
• The pods are four-sided,
46

47. COMPOSITION AND
USES
• Fresh tuber contains :-
• Moisture – 52-68%
• Protein – 12-15 %
• Uses :-
• Immature pods are used as vegetable.
• Ripe seeds are roasted and is substitute for soyabean and
groundnut.
• Tubers are used as delicious vegetable and were also used in
treatment of vertigo in Burma.
• Dry tuber contains
:-
• CHO – 63-77%
• Protein – 13-20 %
• Fat – 0.6-1.4%
• Fibre – 3%
47

48. CULTIVATION
CONDITIONS
• Temperature - it is a tropical crop resistant to high temperatures,
• It can be grown as a dry season crop,
• Soil - winged bean is not very demanding in its soil requirements, ,
provided that there is adequate drainage.It cannot tolerate
waterlogging or salinity.
• Day-length - winged bean requires short days for normal flower
induction.
48

49. PLANTING PROCEDURE
• Material – Seed, which is viable for approximately one year, is
normally used.
• Generally 50-60Kg seeds are sufficient for planting one hectare land.
• Spacing - 2×2m trailed on trellis or bower.
• Varieties – varieties available in India are
IIHR selections, 20, 60 and 71
49

50. FIELD VIEW
50

51. PESTS AND DISEASES
• winged bean is generally free from
serious pests and diseases, though
occasionally attacked by caterpillars,
leaf miners, grasshoppers, spider mites
and nematodes.
• False rust, caused by Synchytrium
psophocarpi, controlled by copper
fungicides.
• Root knot nematodes Meloidogyne
incognita have been reported to cause
up to 70 per cent losses in tuberous
roots
51

52. HARVESTING AND
YIELD
52
• Production of pods starts within 2 months and continues for several
weeks. However, when grown for tubers, harvesting is normally 4-8
months after sowing.
• root tubers are harvested when they reach 2.5-5 cm in diameter and
cm in length.
• Lifting is usually by fork, care should be taken to avoid damage
• Yield :- 2.5-6t/ha

53. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Thamburaj, S and Singh, N.2001. Textbook of vegetables, tuber crops
and spices. ICAR, New Delhi.
• T.R. Gopalkrishnan, Vegetable crops
• Root crops (2nd edition) (NRI, 1987, 308 P).
• BEAUMONT, J. H. et al. (16 authors). 1981. Food uses of the winged
bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. 2nd International
Symposium on Winged Bean (Sri Lanka). Colombo, Sri Lanka. (Abs.
189).
53

54. YAM BEAN
• Common names :- Potato bean, Mishrikand.
• Botanical name :- Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.)
• Family :- Leguminosae.
• Origin :- Mexico and northern South America
• Chromosome no :- 2n = 22
• Edible part :- Tubers
54

55. BOTANY
• A hairy twining herbaceous plant, woody at
the base
• The leaves are alternate, trifoliate
• The flowers are in long axillary racemes.
• The petals are violet or white, 1.5-2 cm
long and broad.
• Tuberous roots, frequently turnip-shaped,
are borne at the base of the stem, and may
be solitary or several, normally they are
about 10-15 cm in diameter.
55

56. COMPOSITION
• Moisture – 82.38%
• Starch – 9.72%
• Protein –1.47%
• Fat – 0.09%
• Fibre – 0.64%
• Ash – 0.5
56

57. USES
• The young tubers are eaten raw in salads,
• Cooked as a vegetable, or in pickles and chutney.
• They can also be sliced and made into chips.
• Seeds – The powdered seeds are sometimes used as an insecticide or
fish poison.
• seed may be taken as a laxative, though it is stated that if poisoning
occurs coconut water will counteract it.
• Green manure.
• Fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase soil fertility.
57

58. SPECIES
• Pachyrrhizus erosus :- A perennial herb, native to Central America.
Stem twining, leaflets angular, sharply toothed flowers purple, in
racemes, 15-25 cm long. Grown for its edible tuberous roots which are
eaten either raw or boiled
• P. palmatilobus :- Climbing with glabrous or hairy stems; leaves
broadly ovate, leaflets lobed, ovate, flowers purplish in long-stalked
racemes. It is native to tropical America.
• P. tuberosus :- A twining, 3-6 m high herb, native to tropical America.
Leaves entire flowers purple in dense racemes pods 20-25 cm long.
The young pods are used as beans being free from strings. The seeds
are reputed poisonous. The roots are thirst quenching and nutritious,
and are cut into slices and sprinkled with sugar.
58

59. CULTIVATION
CONDITIONS
• The yam bean is tolerant of various climates,
but for optimum yields it requires fairly high
temperatures and a moderate to high rainfall:
• Soil - sandy loam soil with adequate drainage
is essential
• Day-length - short days are necessary for
tuberisation. When grown under a 14-15
hour photoperiod the vegetative growth is
good, but there is little production of tubers.
• Manures - N:P:K @ 80:40:80kg/ha is
recommended for north Bihar. Both P and K
are applied as basal along with half dose of N.
59

60. VARIETIES/ CULTIVARS
There are 2 types of cultivars available in market
1) Mexican :- have larger tubers (500-700g), have a tendency to
develop cracks on their tubers. They are less sweeter compared to
local ones hence less preferred in markets.
2) Local :- have smaller tubers (200-300g), more sweet, The flesh is
white with less flbre. There is no cracking.
• Rajendra Mishrikand :- Variety is very popular in north Bihar. It is
recommended for cultivation in Bihar and West Bengal. Its average
yield is 40-55 tonnes/ha in 110-140 days.
• L 19 :- Other promising line gives better yield in Bihar, West Bengal
and Orissa.
60

61. PLANTING PROCEDURE
• Material - the yam bean is grown principally from seed
• Method - the seeds are normally sown at the beginning of the rains,
during June-july either on the flat or in ridges;
• Usually 2-3 seeds are placed in each hole and the plants thinned out
as necessary, or the seeds may be planted singly by drill.
• Sometimes the plants are stopped or pruned in order to encourage
vegetative growth and the removal of the flowers is reported to
increase tuber yields and improve their flavour.
• Field spacing - 15 cm along rows 50 cm apart
61

62. AFTERCARE
• Trailing :- In north Bihar, yam been is intercropped with maize,
where maize plants are utilized for trailing. But in other parts of India,
normally trailing is not adopted.
• Straw mulching helps in better moisture conservation and also
suppresses weed growth.
• The remaining half dose of N is applied as topdressing 40-45 of
planting.
• Normally, yam bean starts flowering 75 days after sowing. It is
desirable to remove the flowers without allowing the plants to bear
pods for getting better tuber yield.
PGR - Spraying of 2, 4-D (50ppm) at flower-initiation stage induces
flower thinning and increases tuber yield.
62

63. FIELD VIEW
63

64. PESTS AND DISEASES
• A bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae has
also been reported.
• In Central America, the yam bean is reported to be subject
to attacks from the larvae of Ferrisia virgata
• Cracking : Cracking of tubers is the main problem encountered by
the farmers due to low moisture in soil.
• Delay in harvesting also causes cracking.
• Maintaining soil moisture during 45-90 days checks cracking.
• Application of K reduces cracking.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
64

65. HARVESTING
AND HANDLING
• The crop normally reaches maturity in 5-8
months.
• Traditionally, the trend is to harvest the crop
on the occasion of‘Saraswati Puja’ with
the start of spring season.
• The roots are usually dug manually, though
with large-scale production they are
sometimes ploughed out.
• Tuberous roots-which, as normally harvested,
are 10-15 cm in diameter and weigh up to
2-2.5 kg
Yield
Average yields of tuberous roots are about 7.5-20
t/ha,
• Rajendra Mishrikand-l has been reported
average 40 t/ha (twice the normal yield). 65

66. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• K. L. Chadha. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR, New Delhi.
• Thamburaj, S and Singh, N.2001. Textbook of vegetables, tuber
crops and spices. ICAR, New Delhi.
• T.R. Gopalkrishnan, Vegetable crops
• Root crops (2nd edition) (NRI, 1987, 308 P).
66

67. GROWTH AND YIELD OF ARROWROOT
INTERCROPPED IN COCONUT GARDEN
AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MANAGEMENT
O. K. SWADIJA, V. B. PADMANABHAN AND
VIJAYARAGHAVAKUMAR
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, VELLAYANI,
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695 522, KERALA,
• Field experiments were conducted during 2007-2008 in the
Western Ghat region ofThiruvananthapuram district for deriving
an organic nutrient schedule for sustained yield of
arrowroot(Maranta arundinacea L.) intercropped in coconut
garden.
• Seven treatments were laid out in randomized block design with
three replications.
67

68. TREATMENTS
68

69. 69

70. 70

71. RESULTS
• The results indicated that arrowroot can be profitably intercropped
in coconut gardens. Higher rhizome yield (18.62 t ha-1), net
income (` 74,450 ha-1) and benefit:cost ratio (1.99) could be
obtained by the application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1+ biofertilizers.
71

72. EXTRACTION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF ARROWROOT
(MARANTA ARUNDINACEAE L.)
STARCH AND ITS APPLICATION IN
EDIBLE FILMS
• This research work aimed extraction and characterization
of arrowroot starch. Also, the effects of different
concentrations of starch (2.59–5.41%, mass/mass) and
concentrations of glycerol (9.95–24.08%, mass versus
starch mass) on film properties.
72

73. PHOTOGRAPHY (A AND B) OF FILM
PRODUCED WITH 4% (MASS/MASS)
ARROWROOT STARCH AND 17% GLYCEROL
(MASS/MASS OF STARCH).
73

74. • WS is solubility in water; WVP is water vapor permeability;
TS is tensile strength.
74

75. RESULTS
• Arrowroot starch films were homogeneous, transparent and
odourless.
• Films were thicker and more soluble in high concentrations of
starch and glycerol.
• The increase in thickness occurred due to the increase in amount
of dry matter,
• Water solubility of films was strongly influenced by concentration of
glycerol.
• There has been an increase in swelling power and water solubility
of arrowroot starch granules at temperatures above 60 °C.
• Arrowroot is a very promising source of starch for applications in
films.
75

76. OVIPOSITION DETERRENT ACTIVITIES OF
PACHYRHIZUS EROSUS SEED EXTRACT AND
OTHER NATURAL PRODUCTS ON PLUTELLA
XYLOSTELLA
ADI BASUKRIADI1 , 2 AND RICHARD M. WILKINS
• An extract of a pure rotenone, rotenone containing yam bean
seed extract, cube root extract coumarin and rutin was tested
against the diamondback moth, in a greenhouse to determine its
potential as an oviposition deterrent
• Oviposition deterrent index (ODI) was used to determine effects
of extracts or compounds in inhibiting oviposition of
diamondback moth.
76

77. 77

78. 78

79. 79

80. RESULTS
• Coumarin showed a stronger deterrent effect than the yam bean
seed extract with a higher ODI value.
• On the contrary, rotenone, rutin, and the cube root extract,
containing 6.7% (w/w) of rotenone, showed no significant deterrent
effects having low or negative ODI values, suggesting that the
deterrent effect of the yam bean seed extract is not due to rotenone
content of the yam bean seeds.
• The effective concentration for 50% deterrency of coumarin and the
yam bean seed extract were 0.11 and 0.83% (w/v), respectively.
However, the yam bean seed extract showed a residual deterrent
effect on the moth even at 3 days after the treatment and is
probably because of its low volatile nature.
• Both the yam bean seed extract and coumarin deterred
diamondback moth from laying eggs in total darkness, indicating
their nonvisual deterrent effect.
80

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