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Governance in the MENA Region
1. Governance in the Middle East
and North Africa
Mahmoud M. Elmakkawe
The American University in Cairo
School of GAPP
2. Agenda
• Background Info: the MENA, historically and
geographically
• Main Definitions: the State, Good Governance, State
Fragility & State Failure
• Arab States: In focus
• Aspects of State Failure
• Examples of State Failure
• Challenges of Reversing State Fragility/Failure
• Some Good Practices to Follow
• References
3. MENA, historically & geographically
A projection of the Middle East, Source: Wikepedia
5. Main Definitions & Concepts
The State:
• A nation or territory considered as an organized political
community under one government.
• A compulsory political organization with a centralized
government that maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use
of force within a certain geographical territory (Salmon 2008).
• It is comprised of an executive, a bureaucracy, courts and
other institutions. But, above all, a state levies taxes and
operates a military and police force.
6. • Good Governance:
Efficient management of public resources and state/entity
affairs.
• State Fragility:
Inability to act as a responsible member of the international
community or provide basic social services to citizens.
• State Failure:
A political body that has disintegrated to a point where basic
conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government no
longer function properly is named to be failed.
7. Arab States: In Focus
Arab regimes have established a set formula for
managing state-citizen relations: government
services in exchange for public consent. This
prevalent social contract dictated that rulers
would provide citizens with public sector jobs
and free or subsidized goods and services (such
as health, education, energy, and food) in
exchange for loyalty and minimal political rights
and civil liberties.
8. “No Arab state is considered free in the
press and internet freedom ratings”
Freedom House
23. Aspects of State Failure
• Lose of control over territory
• Inability to provide basic services
• High sociopolitical divisions
• Chronic crises unresolved: Starvations, armed
conflicts
• Legitimacy unattained!
• Lack of good governance (Makes sense, yeah?!)
24. Examples of State Failure
• Somalia
• Afghanistan
• Libya
• Yemen
• Gaza & Sudan?!
25. Challenges of Reversing State Failure
• Lack of political will (Libya)
• Insufficient international support (Yemen)
• Incapability of national reconciliation (Gaza)
• Arms spread (Darfour)
• Absence of roadmap
• Difficulty of balancing gradual yet structural
reform
26. Some Good Practices to Follow:
• Decentralization (Tunisia)
• E-governance
• Social empowerment: Ending discrimination
• Fighting Corruption: Carrot & stick approach
with independence supervision (Tunisia,
again)
• Development plans?!!
27. References
• Larbi. H (May 2016). Rewriting the Arab Social Contract:
Toward Inclusive Development and Politics in the Arab
World, Middle East Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School.
• Yerkes. S & Muasher. M (May 2018). Decentralization in
Tunisia: Empowering Towns, Engaging People, Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace.
• Fakir. I & Yerkes. S. (2017). Governance and the Future of the Arab
World, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Retrieved from:
https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/10/16/governance-
and-future-of-arab-world-pub-77501
Hinweis der Redaktion
Largest Cities: Cairo, Tehran, Istanbul
Composed of 18 countries with more than 60 languages.
Contains the world’s largest oil and gas reserves.
The birthplace of all heavenly religions. Not to mention: the Baha'i faith, Mandaeism, Unitarian Druze
Area: More than 7 million square km.
Saudi Arabia is the largest, while Bahrain is the smallest.
Was named the Near East in the 20th Century.
Climate: Desert, hot. Agriculture: Nile Delta and Tigris and Euphrates (Despite lack of water resources).
Terminology: A British officer 1800s - U.S Naval strategist 1900s - Was used to describe the area between the near and the far (Persia and turkey). After the World War II, the British established their central command of the Middle East in Cairo.
Term may extend to include Afganistan and Turkiminsatn.
The Atlantci to the Suez Canal
- Sometimes Egypt is excluded
Ceita and Mellila - Spanish
Berbers: 10,000 years ago B.C - Bano Hilal - 11th century
Sahara, the Nile Delta and the Atlas Mountains
Sahrwai Republic
Polisario Front
Equity
Accountability
Responsiveness
Participation
Rule of law
Transparency
Kuwait, Lebanon, and Tunisia - partially free for journalists
Clientalism, discrimination, favouritism, - more corruption
Lack of any sort of accountability
80$ the KSA
Gulf countries are good at manipulation
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Morocco percieved as “partly free,” demonstrating these governments’ ability to control their liberalization processes.
citizens join nongovernmental organizations and groups at a higher rate than they join political parties
Egyptians and Jordanians- trust in judicial entities
Government effectiveness bears little relationship to resource levels. Despite their abundance of resources, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have failed to perform at the same level as the UAE and Qatar.
- Perceptions of Bahrain’s government effectiveness have largely remained the same, potentially reflecting other factors like the severe crackdown on civil liberties and the government’s harsh policies of discrimination.
Instability and crimes
Building consent - negotiation and communication
Results: Less links, less corruption, more transparency - Competition for resources - independence - improving equality
Challenges: Training - Legislative infrastructure - managing expectations - Political will - Financial allocations - enabling civil society - Cultural and institutional conditions
KSA and Kuwait are like Morroco - UAE is leading
Development plans 2030? Lack of accountability again
