CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Submmitted to:- Submitted by:-
Dr. Ashish Latare Mohd Aale Navi
Mr. Sumit Rai R-14022
BSc. (Ag) 4th year
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
RAJIV GANDHI SOUTH CAMPUS
“Crop residue management and soil carbon sequestration ”
12/14/2017 Mohd Aale Navi, RAWE, Bsc. (ag) 3rd year 2017-18 1

 Carbon sequestration
Soil carbon sequestration is the process of transferring carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere into the soil through crop residues and other organic solids, and in a
form that is not immediately reemitted.
This transfer or “sequestering” of carbon helps off-set emissions from fossil fuel
combustion and other carbon-emitting activities while enhancing soil quality
and long-term agronomic productivity.
 Soil carbon sequestration can be accomplished by management systems that
add high amounts of biomass to the soil, cause minimal soil disturbance,
conserve soil and water, improve soil structure, and enhance soil fauna activity.
Continuous no-till crop production is a prime example

cont.:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has increased about 40%, from about
280 parts per million (ppm) by volume prior to 1850, to 396.8 ppm in 2013.This
is mainly a result of burning fossil fuels, changes in land use, and cultivation of
the land for food production.
Most scientists believe the increased atmospheric CO2 levels are causing global
climate change, with rising global atmospheric and ocean temperatures, and
increased frequency of extreme weather events
Soil is a large reservoir of carbon, with about 60% organic carbon in the form of
soil organic matter (SOM), and the remaining inorganic carbon in the form of
inorganic compounds (e.g., limestone, or CaCO3).

12/14/2017
Mohd Aale Navi, RAWE, Bsc. (ag) 3rd year 2017-18
4
 Biofuel From Industrial CO2
and SOC Sequestration
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Biochemicals
Nutrient-
Enriched &
Biochar/
Compost
Residues
Bioreactors
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Algae
Cynobacteria
Algae
Cynobacteria
ApplicationonAg.Soils
Bioenergy

Value of soil Carbon
• Value to farmer: for soil quality enhancement
• Value to society: for ecosystem services
Societal value of soil carbon
• Reduction in erosion and sedimentation of water bodies.
• Improvement in water quality.
• Biodegradation of pollutants.
• Mitigation of climate change
On-farm value of soil
• The quantity of NPK, Zn, Cu etc. and H2O retention in humus.
• Improvements in soil structure and tilth.
• Decrease in losses due to runoff, leaching and erosion.
• ~ $200/ton

Atmospheric CO2
emissions (%) from
human activities
since 1850. Primary Causes:
• Burning fossil fuels - 65.5%
• Land clearing for agriculture - 19.3%
• Land conversion to cropland - 9.7%
• Deforestation - 5.5%
Total - 100%

 Objective of carbon sequestration in soil
 Developing technologies to reduce rate of concentration of green house gases in
air.
Reducing pollutants in air as well as improving natural carbon content
in soil.
Improvement of soil structure and restoring degraded soil leading to increase yield
in crops.

Global warming debate
• There is a growing concern that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere will change the climate, making Earth warmer and increasing the
frequency of extreme weather events.
• Most climate models predict that if global warming occurs, it will not produce
globally uniform effects. Most places in higher latitudes will become warmer, but
some will actually cool down (for example, Northwestern Europe).
• Global precipitation will increase due to increased evaporation from the oceans,
but some areas will receive substantially less rainfall than today.

 How is carbon sequestrated in soil
 SOM originally comes from atmospheric CO2 that is captured by plants through
the process of photosynthesis.
 When plants die and decompose, some CO2 is sequestered in the soil, while
some is released back to the atmosphere. The primary way to store (sequester)
carbon in the soil is to add organic soil amendments such as compost or animal
manures.
SOM is a complex of carbon (C) compounds,
and includes everything in or on the soil
that is of biological origin.

 Benefits
 In addition to reducing current atmospheric CO2 levels, increasing soil carbon
sequestration can provide other benefits for soil quality, the environment, and
agricultural production:
 Increased agricultural productivity.
 Improved soil structure.
 Increased soil fertility.
 Increased water holding capacity.
 Increased infiltration capacity.
 Increased water use efficiency, due to reduced moisture loss from runoff, evaporation,
deep drainage below the root zone.
 Improved soil health resulting in higher nutrient cycling and availability.
 Reduced fertilizer (N, P) needs over the longer term.

How to increase
The following management practices can increase soil carbon sequestration
and help mitigate climate change:
Add organic soil amendments, such as compost, animal manure, biosolids,
and organic mulch.
Add biochar to the soil.Biochar is a microbially resistant carbon substance
which is produced by heating organic wastes such as crop residues or wood
chips in the absence of oxygen by a process called pyrolysis.
 Leave crop residues on the soil without open burning.
 Apply agronomic rates of nitrogen fertilizers to increase soil fertility and
crop production.
 Adopt no-till or minimum till to avoid mechanical disturbance of the soil.
 Adopt crop rotations with cover crops in the rotation cycle.

cont:
Switch from single crop farming to more diverse practices such as pasture,
crop and pasture rotation, inter-cropping (growing two or more crops close
to each other), pasture cropping (sowing crops such as cereals into
pastures), and agroforestry (combining trees or shrubs with crops or
pasture).
 Shorten or eliminate summer fallow periods.
 Practice organic, biological, or biodynamic farming or gardening methods
(management practices that restore, maintain, and enhance ecological
balance).
 Enhance biological nitrogen fixation through the use of legume crops such
as alfalfa.
Grow bioenergy crops which are grown specifically for their fuel value to
make biofuel (e.g., switchgrass) on marginal lands

Cropland Grassland Forest
• Reduced tillage Grazing management Selective harvesting
• Rotations Fire management Tree planting
• Cover crops Fertilization Diverse species
• Fertility management
• Erosion control
• Irrigation management
 Best management practices

 Soil organic pool
• The SOC pool is at a dynamic equilibrium under a specific land use
and management system. At equilibrium, the C input into a system
equals C output. Upon conversion to another land use and
management,
• Depletion of SOC pool occurs if C input < C output, and Sequestration
if C input > C output (Eq. 1 to Eq. 3).
 Steady state . . . . . . . . . . . . Cinput = Coutput . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eq. 1
 Depletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cinput < Coutput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eq. 2
 Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . Cinput > Coutput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eq. 3

12/14/2017 Mohd Aale Navi, RAWE, Bsc. (ag) 3rd year 2017-18
Innovative
Technology II
Innovative
Technology I
Subsistence
farming, none or
low off-farm input
soil degradation
New
equilibrium
Adoption of
RMPs
20
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
40
60
80
100
0
20
Time (Yrs)
Accelerated erosion
Maximum
Potential
Rate
ΔY
ΔX
Attainable
Potential
Soil C Dynamics

Recommended practices C sequestration potential
(Mg C/ha/yr)
Conservation tillage 0.10-0.40
Winter cover crop 0.05-0.20
Soil fertility management 0.05-0.10
Elimination of summer fallow 0.05-0.20
Forages based rotation 0.05-0.20
Use of improved varieties 0.05-0.10
Organic amendments 0.20-0.30
Water table management/irrigation
Lawn & Turf
0.05-0.10
0.5-1.0
Minesoil reclamation 0.5-1.0

 Terrestrial C Sink Capacity
 Historic Loss from Terrestrial Biosphere = 456 Pg with 4 Pg of C
emission = 1 ppm of CO2
 The Potential Sink of Terrestrial Biospheres = 114 ppm
 Assuming that up to 50% can be resequestered = 45 – 55 ppm
 The Average Sink Capacity = 50 ppm over 50 yr

Potential of Mitigating Atmospheric CO2

1. World: 600 – 1200
2. USA: 144 – 432
3. India: 40 – 50
4. Iceland 1.2 – 1.6
5. Brazil: 40 – 60
6. W. Europe: 70 – 190
7. China: 126 – 364
Region Potential Tg C/yr
 Estimates of Global and Regional
Potential of Soil C Sequestration

 Crop yield and productivity effects of
SOC pool
SOC Pool
CropYield
Unfertilized
Fertilized
SOC Pool
∆Yield

 SOC sequestration in India and world

 SOC depletion rate

 Estimation of soil degradation in india

 Soil organic carbon sequestration through restoration
off degraded soil

 An average long-term rate of SOC sequestration with these
techniques is
200 to 1000 kg/ha/yr - for humid temperate regions
 50 to 250 kg/ha/yr - for dry tropical regions.
In addition, the rate of SIC sequestration as secondary carbonates is
about 5 to 25 kg/ha/yr in arid and semi-arid regions.

Crop residue management
 Crop residues include any biomass left in the field after grains and other
economic components have been harvested. The above ground components of
crop residues include shoot, leaves, cobs, husk, etc.
 The straw of most cereal crop contains about 35%,10% and 80% of the total N, P
and K taken up by the crop. (Barnard & Kristoferson,1985)

 Availability of crop residue in india
 The estimated cereal residues and nutrient present in the cereal
residue of major crop of India are-

Crop residue as a source of plant nutrient
About 40% of the N, 30-35% of the P, 80-85% of the K, and 40-50% of the S
absorbed by rice remain in the vegetative parts at maturity (Dobermann and
Fairhurst, 2000)
 Similarly, about 25-30% of N and P, 35-40% of S, and 70-75% of K uptake are
retained in wheat residue.

 Management of crop residue:
 Residue Burning
 Balling and Removing the Straw
 Surface retention and mulching
 Residue incorporation

 Effect of crop residue on soil quality
The soil quality is defined as "The capacity of a specific kind of soil to
function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain
plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air
quality, and support human health and habitation."(Karlen et al ,
1997).
The soil quality indicators are
(1) Physical
(2) Chemical
(3) Biological
(4) Organic matter

 Effect of straw application on bulk density, hydraulic
conductivity, WSA & porosity

 Effect of crop residue on chemical qualities
Soil reaction
Electrical conductivity
Soil organic matter
Soil macronutrient and micronutrient

 Effect of crop residue management on
organic carbon content of soil

 Effect of crop residue on biological quality
Microbial population
Enzymatic activity
Microbial biomass C and N
Carbon and nitrogen mineralization

 Microbial population as affected by residue management
in rice-wheat rotation

 Estimates of the amount of crop residues produced in the
world in 1951 and 2001
(Adapted from Lal, 2005).

 Estimation of crop residues production in rice and rice
based cropping system in the tropics and the world
Adopted from singh et al.. 2005

 Crop management Practices on SOC Sequestration

 Potential of soil carbon sequestration in different eco
region

 Potential of sequestration of secondary carbonates

 Total potential of carbon sequestration in soils of india

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