Hormones play an important role in regulating animal behavior. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence sexual, aggressive, and parental behaviors. The pituitary gland releases hormones like LH, FSH, and prolactin that affect reproductive behaviors. Thyroid hormones control metamorphosis and migration. Hormones have bidirectional relationships with behavior - hormones can influence behavior and behavioral stimuli can trigger hormone release. For example, mating stimulates LH and oxytocin release in some species. Together, the endocrine and nervous systems coordinate the complex behaviors necessary for survival and reproduction.

1. Uttam memorial college raigarh (C.G)
Topic : - Hormonal & Behaviour
GUIDED BY : -
Miss daya mam
PRESENTED BY:-
Name - Nikhil Patel
Class :- Msc zoology 2nd sem

2. 1. Introduction.
2. Hormones and behaviour.
3. Hormones of gonads.
4. Role of testosterone in regulation of behavior.
5. Role of female gonadal hormones on behavior.
6. Hormones of pitutary gland and their behavior .
7. Role of ACTH , TSH , Luteinising , prolactin , oxytocin , melatonin and Adrenal gland hormones
in behavior.
8. Hormone release effect behavior ....And behavior can effect hormone release
9. Conclusion
10. References.
• SYNOPSS : -

3. • Introduction :-
• Responce to any kind of stimulus is behavior .
• The behavior is a way by which an organism responds to it’s
environment for best survival of itself.
• Behavior helps an animal for seeking appropriate shelter, courtship,
mating, feeding, caring for young one etc.
• Behavior is a co-ordinated activity of Nervous, Endocrine and muscular
system.
The effect of nervous system are quick and short lived while those of
hormones ( endocrine system ) have a slower onset but last for a longer
time.
Hormones :- Are chemical messengers secreted from endocrine glands
and are transported by circulatory system to target distant organ where
they exert characteristic physiological effect.
Behavior:-

5. • Hormones and behavior : -
Beside regulating physiology of an Organism , hormones also regulate different types of
behavior in animal .
When hormones are not available , animals remain insensitive to stimuli.
There is a interaction between hormones and behavior.
This interaction is bidirectional hormones can affect behavior , and behavior can feedback to
influence hormone concentration.

6. • Hormones and reproductive behavior :
-
Animal’s reproductive behavior is seasonal and based on hormonal action.
During breeding season concentration of sex hormone in blood is at highest level.
Hormones produce bodily change under influence of certain type of stimuli .

7. • Hormones of gonads : -
In 1849 A.A. Berthold observed the relation between gonad and sexual behavior
when the animal is young and gonads are not fully developed the courtship and mating behavior is
not seen .
Higher vertebrates show a cyclic change in gonadal structure, secreting maximum sex hormones in
some season and minimum in another .
Gonad

8. • Role of Testosterone in regulation of
behavior : -
1. In sexual behavior:- Beside development of male reproductive tract and secondary sexual characters.
Testosterone influence sexual behavior , For example –
In an experiment it was observed thet a capon ( remove testes ) could neither crow nor show any
courtship behavior due to lack of male hormones.
Male rats copulate successfully only when they have produced enough testosterone.
Hens which receive sufficient amount of testosterone will perform male courtship movements and even
crow like males.

9. After Gonadectomy mating behavior was eliminated in male frogs and certain lizards.
Mate recognition is also influenced by sex
Hormone. Tavolga observed that castrated
Gobid fish become non discriminating in
Sexual behavior and male fish start counting
With male only .
When young ones were treated with testosterone
they show normal sexual behavior eg. Chick is seen
mounting small objects in the cage.
Loud singing and courtship behavior in parakeets
was regulated by sex hormone.

10. 2. In aggressive behavior :- testosterone play a significant part in aggressive behavior as males are more aggressive
than females.
Presence or absence of testosterone influence aggressive behavior in birds and mammals such as ring doves ,
rosters, mice, rat, and domestic cat .
When castrated bird are treated with implants of crystalline testosterone propionate in specific site in the
hypothalamus, the normal level of these behaviors are restored.
Castrations in male domestic animals leads to a considerable reduction in aggressive behavior.
Female hormones – on the contrary as its the female becomes more peaceful and acceptable to mates .

11. 3. In establishing dominance in hierarchy : -
In some cases testosterone regulate the dominance in hierarchy of social animal.
Example – when a low ranking pigeon was treated with a more sex hormone ,it soon rose to a higher status
in dominance hierarchy with sufficient doses it even rose to the highest rank in the order.

12. 4. Territorial marking : - scent marking is clearly hormone dependent in males , castration lead to a decline in
marking that is reversed by androgen administration.
Male and female Gerbils secret pheromones for marking their territory , which are actually hormones
dependent pheromones castration leads to decline in scent marking in both males and females.
Male stickleback perform its typical movement of territorial Defence , nest building and zig Zag dance only
when its gonads produce sufficient male hormones.

13. 5. Masculinization :- in few bird like Phalaropes and Dotterel , it has been found that female secret
more testosterone than male , hence it is the female who is brightly colored who fights with other
females , court the dull Coloured male and having laid egg in the nest which the male has built ,
leaves him to incubate and raise the young.
Phalaropes
Dotterel

14. • Role of female gonadal hormones on behavior
:-
1. In sexual behavior :-
Hormones associated with gamete maturation such as it estrogen are now broadly associated with the
regulation of female sexual behaviors.
when the animals is young and gonad are not fully developed the courtship and matting behavior is not
seen .
female duck whose ovary was removed ceased to perform the typical movement pattern to mate
.
Copulation : - in one grasshopper species female allow copulation only when under the influence of a
hormone secreted from corpora allata , without this hormones they would send away all males.

15. 2. Maternal behavior :: -
In nest building :-
Nest building behavior in female rabbits is triggered, if the ratio between estrogen and progesterone is
1:4000
If this ratio is changed ( 1:400 ) the female will cease to build brood nest .
LH and progesterone- responsible for nest building in mice.
In incubation : -
progesterone secretion is important for the start of incubation . If the levels are low the female will cease to
sit over their egg .
Eg. – Doves

16. Hormones of pitutary gland and their behavior
Pitutary gland and their hormones is divided by two part.
(1) Anterior pitutary – (a) Adrenocorticotropic hormones
(b) thyroid stimulating hormones
(c) follicle stimulating hormones
(d) Luteinising hormones
(e) growth hormones
(f) prolactin
(g) Beta – endorphin
(2) Posterior pitutary – (a) Oxytocin
. (b) Anti diuretic hormones or vasopressin.

17. Role of ACTH in behavior : -
1 Masculinization : - when there is block of synthesis of gonadal corticods than Anterior pitutary secret
more ACTH and hence increased amounts of androgen as well , there by causing Masculinization a
female suffering with this syndrome would

18. 2 . Learning :- in higher vertebrates learning ability is dependent on ACTH . Although experiment
have produce contradictory result . Yet some studies have clearly indicated that learning in rat is
facilitated by hormones from pitutary.
eg. – When the pituitary gland was removed animals subjected to training experiment showed
poor performance. When they were treated with ACTH , their performance rose back to normal.

19. • Role of TSH on behavior : -
1. Metamorphosis :- controls the production of thyroxin from thyroid. This hormones controls
metamorphosis in animals. Iodine deficiency in water causes less production of thyroxin in
Axolotl larva and it delay metamorphosis of larva into adult Ambystoma salamander.
Hypothyroidism may be inhibitory for production of sexual behavior.

20. 2. Migration :- TSH control on migration in certain fishes treatment
with testosterone and thyroxin lead to general restlessness and an urge to migration .
Three spines stickleback is known to migration from salt water to fresh water in the spring
season under the influence of TSH released by the anterior pituitary. Artificial injection of
thyroxin in these fish causes them to migration in any season other than spring.

21. • Role of Luteinising Hormones : -
In aggressive behavior:- scince in most species the male are more aggressive than the female, in red
belted weaver bird LH from the pituitary gland has been demonstrated to play a role in the control of
aggressive behavior.

22. • Role of Prolactin : -
Maternal behaviour – maternal responsiveness is correlated with the slow fall in prolactin secretion
during the period of weaning .
Eg. – female mice show a graded degree of responsiveness to their young. Which related to
hormone levels. The newly born young are given maximum maternal attention and care , but as
they become strong or as they grow, the mother mouse leaves them alone for long time and begins
to wean.
Paradise fish build their typical bubble nest only when prolactin is present.
Prolactin- for maximum care of new born.

23. • Role of Oxytocin :-
Grooming , sexual , motivation and cuddling frequencies increases with level of Oxytocin.
Playing important role on parent child relationship.
Oxytocin level observed in monkeys showing lifelong monogamous life is higher as
compared to monkey which are single.

24. • Role of melatonin in Behavior :-
Melatonin secreted by pineal gland and has inhibitory effect on growth of gonads.
It affects fertility during mating season.
animals with breeding season in the spring / summer ( long days , short night ) will have
reproduction repressed by melatonin.
Eg.- horse
Animals who breed during fall / winter ( short day, long night ) will have increased frequency of
mating with increased melatonin.

25. • Role of hormones Of Adrenal gland : -
-: Rule of epinephrine :-
fight and flight behavior – epinephrine function in emergency situation.
Epinephrine are useful in emotional from raptors and snakes and escaping horse climatic
conditions.
-: Rule of nor epinephrine:-
Nor- epinephrine function as a transmitter in the synapses. Their disfunction can lead to delayed
or excessive reactions and subsequently it can seen behavior also.

26. Various neurohormones stimulate sexual wanting
in animals.
Dopamine is involved in sexual incentive motivation.
Oxytocin and melanocortins in sexual attraction and
Noradrenaline in sexual arousal.
Vasopressin is also involved in the sexual behavior of some animals.

27. Hormone release effects behavior........
strogens (ovaries) – female sexual behavior
Androgens (testes) – male sexual behavior
Insulin (pancreas) – food intake
Epinephrine ( Adrenal) – arousal and alertness.
Oxytocin ( posterior pitutary ) – parental behavior.
.... And behavior can effect hormone release.
Fear or surprise – epinephrine
Smell of food - insulin resistance
Nipple stimulation of Crying baby – oxytocin Release and milk letdown.
Sexual intimacy – oxytocin among others

28. Ovulation – The female of small mammals like Rabbit and cat start ovulating only ofter they
have mated the stimulus of thrusting of pains is needed to start production of Luteinising
hormones from pitutary and that causes ovulation.
Reference :-
Animal behaviour – Reena Mathur
Animal behaviour – M.P. Arora