Innovation and research, Digital Library ‎Information Access, LIS Education, Library ‎and ‎Information Science, LIS Studies, ‎Information ‎Management, Education and Learning, ‎Library ‎science, Information science, Digital ‎Libraries, Research on Digital Libraries, DL, ‎Innovation in libraries and publishing, Areas of ‎Research for DL, Information Discovery, Collection ‎Management and Preservation, Interoperability, ‎Economic, Social and Legal Issues, Core Topics In ‎Digital Libraries, DL Research Around The World

1. INNOVATION AND RESEARCH
(Digital Library Information Access)
Huma Malik
LIS Professional
May 2015

2. Contents
 Innovation in libraries and publishing
 What is innovation?
 Areas of research
– An Overview
– Information discovery
– Collection management and preservation
– Interoperability
– Economic, Social and Legal Issues
 Core topics in Digital Libraries
 Research around the world
 Conclusion
 References

3. INNOVATION IN LIBRARIES
AND PUBLISHING

4. – The process of making changes in
something already established, especially
by introducing new methods, ideas, or products.
(oxforddictionaries.com)
– The introduction into the organization of a new
product, a new service, a new technology, or a new
administrative practice; or a significant
improvement to an existing product, service,
technology, or administrative practice.
(Jantz, 2012)
What is Innovation?

5. Contd…
 Development of ICT has brought tremendous changes
in libraries and publishing areas.
 Traditional resources and services are transformed
into digital resources and services.
 Libraries in developed countries now mostly rely on
online resources and services.
 There have been a lot of researches on digital
libraries covering areas of usage, development and
evaluation by LIS and Computer science researchers.
Innovation in Libraries
and Publishing

6. Contd…
 Publishers are well-organized to bring new ideas to
the market but they carry out little research. Some
major publishers providing online resources &
services are …
‒ Emerald
‒ Springer
‒ Taylor & Francis
‒ McGraw-Hill’s Access Engineering / Medicine
‒ Wiley-Blackwell
‒ IEEE … etc
Innovation in Libraries
and Publishing

7. Contd…
• Libraries tend to be more innovative than
publishers.
• Computer scientists can be seen as the hares of
digital libraries, leaping ahead, trying out new fields,
then jumping somewhere else.
• The large libraries are the tortoises. They move
more slowly, but at each step they lay a foundation
that can be built on for the next.
Innovation in Libraries
and Publishing

8. Contd…
• Internationally University Libraries are
significant in developing Digital Libraries.
– Some are converting library materials to digital
formats;
– Others are working with publishers to make materials
accessible online
– Some convert historic back-runs of important journals
to electronic
• Innovation comes from…
• the marketplace's demand for information,
• Systematic research in universities or corporations.
Innovation in Libraries
and Publishing

9. AREAS OF RESEARCH

10. Areas of Research- An Overview
System-Centered:
– Engineering: How well do hardware, networks, and
related configuration perform?
– Processing: How well do procedures, techniques,
algorithms, operations … perform?
– Content: How well is the collection or information
resource selected, represented, organized, structured
…. Related question may be how well, for whom and/or for
what purpose.

11. Areas of Research
User-Centered
‒ Social level: How well does a digital library support the
needs and demands, roles, and practices of a society or
community?
‒ Institutional: How well does a digital library support
institutional or organizational mission and objectives? How
well does it integrate with other institutional resources?
‒ Individual: How well does a digital library (or given
services) support information needs, tasks, activities of
people as individual users?
‒ Interface: How well does a given interface provide and
support access, searching, navigation, browsing, and
interaction with a digital library? Questions can be asked in either the user
or system direction or in both directions.

12. Information Discovery
• Finding and retrieving information is a central
aspects of libraries.
• Searching for specific information in large
collections of text (i.e. information retrieval) has long
been area of interest to computer scientists.
• Digital libraries bring these two areas together
in the general problem of information
discovery & how to find information.
Areas of Research

13. Contd...
How information is discovered? Information is
discovered through . . .
a) Descriptive metadata- describes a resource for
discovery and identification (title, abstract, author, and keywords)
b) Automatic indexing- uses computer programs to scan
digital objects, extract indexing information and build searchable
indexes- Web search programs, such as Altavista, Google, and
Infoseek are the products of such research.
c) Natural language processing- automatic pharsing to
identify grammatical constructs, lexicons, and thesauruses.
a) Non-textual material- Speech recognition & Image
recognition
Information Discovery

14. Collection Management
and Preservation
• Collection management and preservation are
also research areas in Digital Libraries. These
include…
a) Organization of collections.
b) Archiving and preservation
c) Conversion
Areas of Research

15. a) Organization of collections
• The organization of large collections of online
materials is complex.
• They include …
– How to load information in varying formats,
– How to organize it for storage and retrieval.
– Techniques of replication.
• The problems always emerge by the fact that
‘digital information changes’.
Areas of Research

16. b) Archiving and preservation
• The long-term preservation of digital materials is a
key research topic in collection management.
• The media on which data is stored have quite short
life.
• The formats in which information is stored are
frequently replaced by new versions.
– E.g. Formats for word processor and image storage that
were in common use ten years ago are already obsolete and
hard to use.
• To interpret archived information, users will need to
recognize the formats and display them successfully.
Areas of Research

17. c) Conversion
− What is the best way to convert huge physical
collections to digital format?
− What is the trade off between cost and quality?
− How can today's efforts be useful in the long term?
• This area illustrates the differences between small-
scale and large-scale efforts, which is an important
research topic in its own right.
Areas of Research

18. Interoperability
• Definition
“The capability of a computer hardware
or software system to communicate and work
effectively with another system in the
exchange of data, usually a system of a
different type, designed and produced by a
different vendor.” (ODLIS)
i.e. Inter-operate
Areas of Research

19. The following list gives an idea of the many aspects of
interoperability:
a) User interfaces
• Digital library collections include different formats. A
collection of maps is not the same as a music collection, but
the user should be able to move smoothly between them or
search across them.
b) Naming and identification
• The Internet provides a numeric identifier for every computer,
an IP address, and the domain name system that identifies
every computer on the Internet.
• Library materials need identifiers that identify the material, not
the location. e.g. DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Areas of Research

20. c) Formats
• The web has created standards for formats, e.g. HTML for
simple text, and GIF and JPEG for images.
• Text provides a particular challenge for interoperability.
• Unicode emerged as an extended character set that supports a
very wide range of scripts, but is not yet supported by many
computer systems.
d) Metadata
• Metadata is often divided into three categories:
– descriptive metadata is used for bibliographic purposes and for
searching and retrieval;
– structural metadata relates different objects and parts of objects to
each other;
– administrative metadata is used to manage collections, including
access controls.
• For interoperability, some of this metadata must be exchanged
between computers.
Areas of Research

21. e) Distributed Searching
• In Digital Libraries information is organized in a logical way,
but the descriptive metadata will vary, also the features
provided for searching varies.
• The distributed search problem is how to find information by
searching across variety of collections.
– Example: ‘Summon’s by ProQuest provided by HEC NDL that
searches all databases with a single search box.
http://hecpk.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/
f) Network Protocols
• At the network level interoperability is also required to move
information from one computer to another.
• The almost universal adoption of the Internet family of
protocols has largely solved this problem, but there are still
gaps.
– For example, the Internet protocols are not good at delivering
continuous streams of data, such audio or video materials, which must
arrive in a steady stream at predictable time intervals.
Areas of Research

22. g) Retrieval Protocols
• Ideally, the protocol would support …
‒ secure authentication of computers communicating,
‒ high-level queries to discover what resources each
provides;
‒ a variety of search and retrieval capabilities,
‒ methods to store and modify intermediate results, and
‒ interfaces to many formats and procedures.
• The most ambitious attempt to achieve these goals is the
Z39.50 protocol.
Areas of Research

23. h) Authentication and Security
• Various categories of authentication are needed.
– authentication of users. Who is the person using the library?
Digital libraries are often provide every user with an ID and
password to their users.
– authentication of computers. Systems that handle valuable
information, especially financial transactions or confidential
information, need to know which computer they are connecting
to.
– authentication of library materials. People need to be
confident that they have received the authentic version of an
item, not one that has been modified, either accidentally or
deliberately.
i) Semantic* Interoperability
• Semantic interoperability refers to the ability of computer
systems to transmit data with unambiguous, shared meaning.
(http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Semantic+interoperability)
*Semantic is study of meaning.
Areas of Research

24. Economic, Social and Legal
Issues
Digital libraries exist within a complex social, economic, and
legal framework.
a) Legal Issues
• The legal issues are both national and international. They
range across several branches of law: copyright,
communications, privacy, national security, taxation etc.
b) Social Context
• The social context includes authorship, ownership, the act of
publication, authenticity, and integrity.
Areas of Research

25. c) Economic issues are most difficult problems.
• Skilled professionals are required to manage the collections of
information.
• Who pays these people?
– users of the collections
– their institutions
• What will be the payment methods?
• Meanwhile, the high quality of many open-access web sites
has their own financial models.
• Access management is also a related topic. Libraries and
publishers sometimes wish to control access to their
materials. This may be to ensure payment, requirements
from the copyright owners, conditions laid down by donors,
or a response to concerns of privacy.
Areas of Research

26. CORE TOPICS IN DIGITAL
LIBRARIES

27. Core Topics in Digital Libraries
Following topics are mentioned in ‘Handbook of Research on Digital Libraries’
by Yang et al., (2009) as core topics. Some topics are user-centered and some
system-centered.

28. Contd…

29. RESEARCH AROUND THE
WORLD

30. RESEARCH AROUND THE
WORLD
Arif, M. & Kanwal, Saima. (2009). Acceptance of digital library among female students and
effects of limited access of digital library on their performance in research work: A case of
International Islamic University. The International Information & Library Review, 41:3,
122-12.
Khan, Amjid & Ahmed, Shamshad . (2013). The impact of Digital library resources on scholarly
communication: challenges and opportunities for university libraries in Pakistan. Library Hi
Tech News 30:8 , 12-29
Mairaj, M. I. & El-Hadi, W. M. (2012). Applications of information and communication
technologies in libraries in Pakistan. Journal of the Medical Library Association :
JMLA, 100(3), 218–222.
Mirza, M. Sajid & Mahmood, K. (2012). Electronic resources and services in Pakistani university
libraries: A survey of users' satisfaction. The International Information & Library Review,
44:3, 123-13.
Rafiq, M., & Ameen, K. (2012). Use of digital media and demand for digitized contents in higher
education sector of Pakistan. The International Information & Library Review, 44:3, 116-
122.
Rafiq, M., & Ameen, K. (2014). Standardization And Sustainability Of Digitization Projects In
University Libraries Of Pakistan. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social
Sciences, 3(2).
Rafiq, M., & Ameen, K.. (2013). Digitization in university libraries of Pakistan. OCLC Systems &
Services: International digital library perspectives, 29:1, pp.37 – 46.
Sheikh , Arslan. (2015). Development of Information Commons in University Libraries of
Pakistan: the Current Scenario. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41:2, 130-139.
Warraich, Nosheen F. & Ameen, K. (2010). Perceptions of LIS professionals regarding use of
Pakistan National Digital Library databases. The Electronic Library, 28 :1, 108-121
Pakistan

31. RESEARCH AROUND THE
WORLD
Chauhan, Suresh K. & Mahajan, Preeti. (2013). Library consortia in India with special reference
to UGC-Infonet digital library consortium. The International Information & Library Review,
45:3–4, 127-138.
Das, Anup Kumar, Dutta, Chaitali & Sen, B.K. (2007). Information retrieval features in Indian
Digital libraries: a critical appraisal. OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital
library perspectives, 23:1, 92-104.
Nazim, Mohammad & Mukherjee, Bhaskar. (2013). Librarians' perceptions of knowledge
management in developing countries: A case with Indian academic libraries, The
International Information & Library Review, 45:1–2, 63-76,.
Tripathi, Manorama & Jeevan, V.K.J. (2011). An Evaluation of Digital Libraries and Institutional
Repositories in India. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 37:6, 543-545.
India
Iran
Asemi, Asefeh & Riyahiniya,Nosrat. (2007). Awareness and use of digital resources in the
libraries of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The Electronic Library, 25:3, 316 –
327.
Hariri, Nadjla & Norouzi, Yaghoub. (2011). Determining evaluation criteria for digital libraries'
user interface: a review. The Electronic Library, 29:5, 698-722.
Sharifabadi, S.R. (2006). How digital libraries can support e-learning. The Electronic Library,
24:3, 389-401.

32. RESEARCH AROUND THE
WORLD
Albertson, D. (2015). Synthesizing visual digital library research to formulate a user-centered
evaluation framework. New Library World, 116(3/4), 122-135.
Anwarul Islam, M., & Ikeda, M. (2014). Convergence issues of knowledge management in digital
libraries: steps towards state-of-the-art digital libraries.VINE: The journal of information and
knowledge management systems, 44(1), 140-159.
Bernaoui, R., & Hassoun, M. (2015). Algerian University Libraries And The Digital Age: New
Communication Behaviors. Library Management, 36(1/2).
Clough, P., & Eleta, I. (2012). Multilingual Information Access in Digital Libraries. Multimedia
Storage and Retrieval Innovations for Digital Library Systems, 85.
Dalip, D. H., Gonçalves, M. A., Cristo, M., & Calado, P. (2011). Automatic assessment of document
quality in web collaborative digital libraries. Journal of Data and Information Quality
(JDIQ), 2(3), 14.
Diaz-Valenzuela, I., Martin-Bautista, M. J., Vila, M. A., & Campaña, J. R. (2013). An automatic
system for identifying authorities in digital libraries. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(10),
3994-4002.
Fox, E. A., Gonçalves, M. A., & Shen, R. (2012). Theoretical foundations for digital libraries: The 5S
(societies, scenarios, spaces, structures, streams) approach. Synthesis Lectures on Information
Concepts, Retrieval, and Services, 4(2), 1-180.
Fox, R. (2012). Digital viability. OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library
perspectives, 28(1), 6-13.
International

33. RESEARCH AROUND THE
WORLD
García-Marco, F. J. (2011). Libraries in the digital ecology: reflections and trends. The electronic
library, 29(1), 105-120.
Heradio, R., Fernández-Amorós, D., Cabrerizo, F. J., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2012). A review of
quality evaluation of digital libraries based on users’ perceptions. Journal of Information
Science, 38(3), 269-283.
Hersh, W. R. (2014). Information retrieval and digital libraries. In Biomedical Informatics (pp. 613-
641). Springer London.
Kent, R. E., & Bowman, C. (2011). Digital libraries, conceptual knowledge systems, and the Nebula
interface. arXiv preprint arXiv:1109.1841.
Lai, Y., & Zeng, J. (2014). Analysis of customer churn behavior in digital libraries. Program:
electronic library and information systems, 48(4), 370-382.
Mazurek, C., Sielski, K., Stroiński, M., Walkowska, J., Werla, M., & Węglarz, J. (2012).
Transforming a flat metadata schema to a semantic web ontology: the polish digital libraries
federation and CIDOC CRM case study. In Intelligent Tools for Building a Scientific
Information Platform (pp. 153-177). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Moulaison, H. L., & Million, A. J. (2015). E-publishing in libraries: The [digital] preservation
imperative. OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives, 31(2), 87-98.
Nicholas, D., Huntington, P., Μονόπωλη, Μ., & Watkinson, A. (2015). Engaging with scholarly
digital libraries (publisher platforms).
International (contd.)

34. RESEARCH AROUND THE
WORLD
Pérez, I. J., Cabrerizo, F. J., Morente-Molinera, J. A., Ureña, R., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2014).
Reaching Consensus in Digital Libraries: A Linguistic Approach. Procedia Computer
Science, 31, 449-458.
Quan, T. T., Luong, X. H., Nguyen, T. C., & Cheung, H. S. (2015). Argumentation-based schema
matching for multiple digital libraries. Online Information Review, 39(1).
Serrano-Guerrero, J., Herrera-Viedma, E., Olivas, J. A., Cerezo, A., & Romero, F. P. (2011). A google
wave-based fuzzy recommender system to disseminate information in University Digital
Libraries 2.0. Information Sciences, 181(9), 1503-1516.
Skibiński, P., & Swacha, J. (2013). The efficient storage of text documents in digital
libraries. iNForMaTioN TECHNoloGY aND liBrariES, 28(3), 143-153.
Sun, J., & Yuan, B. Z. (2012). Development and Characteristic of Digital Library as a Library
Branch. IERI Procedia, 2, 12-17.
Vassilakaki, E., & Garoufallou, E. (2013). Multilingual Digital Libraries: A review of issues in
system-centered and user-centered studies, information retrieval and user behavior. The
International Information & Library Review, 45(1), 3-19.
Yan, Y., Zha, X., Zhang, J., & Hou, X. (2014). Comparing digital libraries with virtual communities
from the perspective of e-quality. Library Hi Tech, 32(1), 173-189.
Zha, X., Zhang, J., Yan, Y., & Wang, W. (2015). Comparing flow experience in using digital
libraries: Web and mobile context. Library Hi Tech, 33(1), 41-53.
International (contd.)

35. CONCLUSION
• There has been many research studied on Digital
Libraries by Computer scientists and LIS researchers.
• Computer scientists do research on systems of DLs,
while LIS research is mostly user-centered.
• As technology is not static; innovation in
technologies bring innovation in system and services
of libraries. Digital Libraries also has to be upgraded
with state-of-art technologies.
• These innovations creates new areas for researchers
to explore.

36. REFERENCES
Arms, W. Y. (2000). Digital libraries. MIT press.
Emerald Insight. www.emeraldinsight.com
Google Scholar. https://scholar.google.com/
Jantz, R. C. (2012). Innovation in academic libraries: An analysis of university
librarians' perspectives. Library & information science research, 34(1), 3-
12.
Saracevic, T. & Covi, L. (2000, November). Challenges for digital library
evaluation. In Proceedings of The Annual Meeting-American Society For
Information Science (Vol. 37, pp. 341-350)
Science direct. www.sciencedirect.com
Yang, S., Wildemuth, B. M., Pomerantz, J., Oh, S., & Fox, E. A. (2009). ‘Core
Topics in Digital Library Education’ in Handbook of Research on Digital
Libraries: Design, Development, and Impact.