All About Water

1. THE PRICE OF
WATERPRESENTATION OF: LEAFAR TORRES AND AIDAN GAPIT

2. • WATER IS A COLORLESS AND ODORLESS
SUBSTANCE FOUND ALL OVER EARTH.
WATER IS MADE UP OF BILLIONS OF
MOLECULES. EACH MOLECULE IS MADE OF
ONE OXYGEN AND TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS
HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG COVALENT
BOND.

3. The total amount of water on a planet, it incl
the water on the surface, underground and air.
ITS PRESENCE TO ALL SUBSYSTE
It occurs as water vapor in atmosphere
As important constituent mineral in geosphere
Fundamental component of living organism
biosphere

5. EVAPORATION OCCURS
WHEN THE PHYSICAL STATE
OF WATER IS CHANGED FROM
A LIQUID STATE TO GASEOUS
STATE. ABOUT 600 CALORIES
OF ENERGY FOR EACH GRAM
OF WATER DURING THE
CHANGE OF STATE.

6. A process by which
water vapor changes it’s
physical state from vapor
to airborne such as dew,
fog and clouds. The most
active particles that form
clouds is sea salts.

7. Is the process that
occurs when any and all
forms of water particles
from atmosphere fall and
reach the ground. There
are two types of
precipitating; coalescence
process and ice-crystal
process.

8. As water drops reach a
critical size, the drop is
exposed to gravity and
fictional drag. A falling drop
leaves a turbulent wake
behind which allows smaller
drops to fall faster and to be
overtaken to join and
combined with the lead
drop.
It occurs when ice
develops in the cold clouds
or in cloud formation high
in the atmosphere where
freezing temperatures
occurs. The crystal grow to
a critical size and drop as
snow or ice pallets.

9. It refers to precipitation
that does not reach the ground
(soil), but instead intercepted
by the leaves, branches.
Technically the water is being
stored temporarily.

10. Physical process involving
movement of water through
the boundary area where the
atmosphere interfaces with
the soil.

11. Movement of water
through the soil and it’s
layers by gravity and
capillary forces. Stores
water in the Earth’s crust.
Essentially ground water
is always in motion.

12. Biological process that
occurs mostly in the day.
The absorption of water
into plant roots. Water
inside the plants are being
transfer through
numerous leaves opening.

14. Earth’s Water budget
-it is the total amount of water in the planet, generally it remains
constant through time. Water moves and changes in form, but it is
neither created nor destroyed. Only a very small percentage of water
volcanic eruptions and meteors from space is added to the
hydrologic system. Most of the water on Earth have been cycling
through the Hydrologic system for billion of years.

16. According to the United Nations World Water Development 2005 Report:
97.5 % of Earth’s total water is the largest reservoir which is the ocean that
mostly a saline water. This has a major implication in humans since humans
depend on freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and industrial use.
2.5 % of Earth’s total water is the fresh water, it is any naturally
occurring water except seawater and brackish water and also it is vital to life and
yet it is a finite resource.
Glaciers (68.7 %)
Groundwater (30.1 %0
Permafrost (0.8 %)

17. 0.4 % Surface and atmospheric water, it’s the total freshwater supply or less than
0.02 % of the total water on Earth.
Freshwater lakes (67.4%)
Soil moisture (12.2%)
Atmosphere (9.5%)
Wetlands (8.5%)
Rivers (1.6%)
Plants and animals (0.8%)

18. Residence time
- It is the average length of time spent by water molecule in a reservoir. In
large, reservoirs, the residence time of water is longer. It is defined as the
amount of water in a reservoir divided by either the rate of addition of water
to the reservoir or the rate of loss from it.
Although the total amount of water remains constant, the volume of water
present in each reservoir varies and their volumes affect the other repertoires.
The melting of glaciers and ice caps in the Polar Region reduces the amount of
water in these reservoir, but it also leads to the increase in the volume on water
in the ocean.

20. Saltwater Reservoir
-a geological term that refers to naturally occurring solutions containing
large concentrations of dissolved, inorganic ions. In addition, this term is
often used as an adjective in biology, usually to refer to marine organisms, as
in saltwater fish.
An ocean is a vast body of saline water, There is only one global ocean and
it covers 71% of Earth.
Principal Resources of the Elements dissolved in seawater are:
 Weathering – the in situ disintegration of geologic materials, releases
soluble materials such as sodium, potassium and sulphur.
 Volcanic eruptions – both on land and submarine, contribute
compounds through volcanic gases and hot springs.

22. 5 Oceans of the World
1. The Pacific Ocean - is the largest ocean
covering more than 30% of the Earth. This is
close to half of the water on Earth. It touches the
west coast border of the Americas along with east
Asia and Australia. The equator divides the
Pacific Ocean into two separate parts – North
Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. Pacific
means “peaceful” in Latin. It has the deepest
trenches with an average depth of 3800m.

23. 2. The Atlantic Ocean is situated between the
Americas and European/African continents.
Atlantic Ocean is the second largest and saltiest
ocean in the world.
It resembles an S-shape between the
Americas, Europe and Africa. “Atlantic”
originated from the Greek god “Atlas” who
carried the sky for eternity. The ocean bottom is
composed of mid-Atlantic Ridge.

24. 3. Indian Ocean is the third largest
ocean surrounding a densely populated
region. It contains additional 20% of water
on Earth’s surface.
It is bounded by 4 tectonics plate
boundaries and may include an additional
plate boundary. It is the geologically
youngest of the 5 oceans with spreading
ridges at divergent plate boundaries.

25. 4. In 2000, the Southern Ocean is the newest
ocean recognized by the International
Hydrographic Organization. It borders
Antarctica in its entirety.
In terms of size, it’s the fourth largest at
20,327,000 square kilometres. It extends out to
60 degrees South latitude.
Despite the Southern Ocean being
unexplored, about 80% of all oceans in the
world are unexplored. There’s still a lot of work
to do for ocean exploration.

26. 5. Arctic Ocean is the world’s smallest and
shallowest ocean of all 5 oceans. Further to this, it
is the coldest and least salty ocean.
Despite the IHO recognizing it as the
“Arctic Ocean”, some oceanographers still call it
the “Arctic Sea”.
The Arctic Ocean is the most diverse in terms
of fish species. It has a wide variety of marine
species including whales, jellyfish, etc.
But because of its frigid temperatures, it has
little plant life. This makes it one of the most
fragile ecosystems on the planet.

27. The salinity of seawater is maintained within a narrow range by the
processes in the hydrologic cycle.
Evaporation removes water, making the remaining solution saltier.
Precipitation adds water, causing dilution. Inflow from river and
groundwater also makes the sea less salty. When sea water freezers, salt is
excluded because of its structure, making unfrozen seawater saltier.
Three Major Zones in the Ocean
 Surface Layer – it consists of relatively warm, low-density water, extends
from the ocean surface to a depth of 100m. It is also known as the sunlight
zone because this is where most of the visible light exists.
Epipelagic Zone
Mesopelagic Zone

28.  Thermocline – second layer, the temperature of water decreases
rapidly with depth. At high latitudes the thermocline reaches the
surface and extends up to 1500m. It is a thin but distinct layer in a
large body of fluid in which temperature changes more rapidly
with depth than it does in the layers above or below. In the ocean,
the thermocline divides the upper mixed layer from the calm deep
water below.
 Deep Zone - it is the lowest layer in the ocean located below the
thermocline, the temperature is uniformly low. Eighty percent of
the water in the ocean is in the deep zone.

29. Temperature in the Ocean Zone
Decreases with Depth

30. The waters in the different layers of the oceans are constantly
moving. The surface of the ocean is affected by currents caused by
prevailing winds. In the deep zone, there is a thermohaline circulation
driven by density differences, which is controlled by temperature
(thermo) and salinity (haline). It is propelled by the sinking of cold,
salty, and dense water in the Polar Regions, and rising of the warm,
less salty water of the Tropics.

31. Freshwater Reservoir
Freshwater on the land surface is a vital part of the water cycle for
everyday human life. On the landscape, freshwater is stored in rivers,
lakes, reservoirs, and creeks and streams. Most of the water people use
everyday comes from these sources of water on the land surface.
Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers,
icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, stream. Fresh water is generally
characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and
other total dissolved solid. Fresh water is not the same as potable (or
drinking water).

32. Glaciers – a permanent body of ice, which
consists largely of recrystallized snow. A
persistent body of dense ice that is
constantly moving under its own weight.
 Ice sheet - also known as a continental
glacier, is a mass of glacial ice .
 Permafrost – it is a soil, rock, or
sediments that is frozen more than two
consecutive years. It comprises about 0.8%
of the total freshwater resource.

33. Surface Water Reservoirs
It includes the streams, lakes, and wetlands where water from rainfall, melting
snow, and ice, and groundwater flows.
Stream – it is a moving body of surface water that flows downslope towards sea
level because of gravity.
 River –it contributes 1.6% of the total surface and atmospheric water.
 Tributaries – smaller streams.
 Drainage basin or watershed – it is the land area in which the water flow into a
particular stream.
 Drainage divide – a line that separates individual drainage basin.
 Interfluve – a narrow, elongated landform separating individual streams.
 Overland flow –water moves downhill during a heavy rain.

34. Lakes
- A lake from Latin ”lacus” is a large body of
water (larger and deeper than a pond) within a
body of land. As a lake is separated from
the ocean, it is not a sea. It stores 67% of the total
surface and atmospheric water.
- These are large inland bodies of fresh or
saline water. Its upper surface is exposed to the
atmosphere and is essentially flat.
 Ponds – small and shallow lakes.
Dams - are barriers constructed along
streams to contain the water flow.

35. Wetlands
-It refers to the land areas where water covers the
surface for a significant period. Wetlands are
biologically diverse environments filled with species
that they rely on both the land and water for survival.
-Wetlands constitute about 8.5% of the total land
surface and atmospheric water.
-A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that
is inundated by water, either permanently or
seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.

36. THREE TYPES OF WETLANDS
I. Marsh – a shallow wetland around lakes,
streams, and oceans, where grasses and reeds
are the dominant vegetation. The wetland in
Candaba, Pampanga is an example of a marsh
ecosystem.
-A marsh is a wetland that is
dominated by herbaceous rather than woody
plant species.

37. II. Swamp – a wetland with lush trees and
vegetation found in low- lying areas
besides slow-moving rivers. Oxygen content
in the swamp water is typically low, but
swamp plants and animals are adapted
to these low-oxygen conditions.
-Mangrove forests are unique example
of swamp ecosystem that tolerates salty
conditions.

38. III.Estuary – a partly enclosed coastal body of water
where freshwater from stream meets the saltwater
from the sea.
- A home for organisms that can tolerate the
sharp changes in salinity due to the constant change
of salt content.
- An example of estuary is the mouth of large
rivers such as Pampanga River in Manila Bay.
-The word "estuary" is derived from the Latin
word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea,
which in itself is derived from the term aestus,
meaning tide.

39. FLOODS
- it is a natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged under water.It
usually occurs when the rate of precipitations is higher that the rate in which it could be
absorbed by the ground or carried by streams.
VARIETIES OF FLOOD
a) Fluvial or river flood – occurs when a stream’s discharge is greater than the capacity
of the channel, causing the stream to overflow.
b) Flash floods – are characterized by intense, high-velocity torrent of water that occurs
in an existing river channel with little to no notice.
c) Coastal flooding – it occurs when water overwhelms in low-lying areas along the
coasts, usually due to serve weather conditions.
d) Pluvial or Surface water flood – occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event

40. GROUNDWATER
- a freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface.
- it is the largest reservoir of liquid fresh water on Earth.
- it constitutes about 30.1% of the total freshwater on the planet.
i. Aquifers – are water-bearing rocks layers, akin to a “sponge” which holds
groundwater in tiny cracks, cavities, and pores between mineral grains.
ii. Porosity – total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock. It determines the
amount of groundwater that an aquifer can hold.
iii. Permeability – it is the ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass
through it. The pore spaces are interconnected throughout the rock allowing
the free-flow of groundwater.

41. GROUNDWATER PROFILE
- Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in
the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is
called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water.
- The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become
completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is
recharged from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally
at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands.
- Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use
by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and
movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

42. PARTS OF GROUNDWATER PROFILE
1. Unsaturated zone – also known as zone of aeration a zone
in which the spaces between the particles are filled mainly
with air.
2. Zone of saturation – a layer beneath the zone of aeration,
the spaces between the particles are filled with water.
3. Water table – it is the boundary between the zone of
aeration and the zone of saturation.
4.Capillary fringe – a layer directly above the water table,
wherein groundwater seeps up to fill the pore spaces in the
zone of aeration via capillary action.

43. AQUIFERS, ARTESIAN WELLS, AND SPRINGS
Unconfined aquifer - an aquifer in which
the groundwater is free to rise to its
natural level.
Confined aquifer - the water is trapped
and held down by pressure between
impermeable rocks called aquiclude.
Artesian well – a well located at an
elevation, which is below the recharge
zone of the confined quifer.
enters the ground and replenish the
groundwater.
Discharge zone – is the area where the
groundwater flows out of the aquifer and
onto land surface or even in submarine
environment.
Spring – it is usually appear in places
where there is a decrease in permeability
of the underlying material, such as
presence of an aquiclude below an
aquifer.

44. LESSON 4.3
WATER AS A RESOURCE

45. Activities Affecting the Quality of Water:
1) Population growth, particularly in water-short
regions.
2) Movements of large number of people from the
countryside to towns and cities.
3) Demands for greater food security and higher
living standards
4) Increased competition between different uses of
water resources
5) Pollution from factories, cities, and farmlands.

46. WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of
human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers
and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced
into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately
treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic
ecosystems.
Water pollution is measured by analysing water samples. Physical,
chemical and biological tests can be done. Control of water pollution requires
appropriate infrastructure and management plans. The infrastructure may
include wastewater treatment plants.

47. Terminologies:
Sedimentation – a process comes from soil erosion or from the
decomposition of plants and animals.
Acid mine drainage – is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines
or coal mines.
Subsidence – is the sudden sinking or gradual downward settling of
the ground's surface with little or no horizontal motion.
Desalination – it involves the reduction of the mineral content by
taking salt out of seawater and brackish water to produce freshwater.

48. Preservation of Water Resources
1. Protect the natural environment.
2.Control the quality of water.
3.Protect and preserve the coastline
and oceans.
4.Optimise water consumption.
5. Reuse wastewater.

49. THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER
The water in our bodies is essential for life. Without water, we can’t
survive. Since the water in our bodies is continually being used or lost, it
needs to be continually replaced, and the best fluid to replace it with is water.
Water is involved in every bodily function from digestion and circulation
through to the control of body temperature and the excretion of waste
products. The water in our bodies is continually being used or lost from the
body. Some is used or absorbed by the functions it performs and some is lost
through sweat, urine and faeces.
Water resource management is a very important issue from several angles
such as development of water bodies for future, protection of available water
bodies from pollution and over exploitation and to prevent disputes.