1.3 product life cycle design vezzoli 11-12 (41)

course System Design for Sustainability
subject 1. Sustainable development and design: the reference framework

learning resource 1.3
Introduction to product Life Cycle Design

carlo vezzoli
politecnico di milano . INDACO dpt. . DIS . School of design . Italy

Learning Network on Sustainability

Carlo Vezzoli AH-DESIGN, EU PROJECT
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy

CONTENTS

. Product design environmental requirements
. Damaging environmental effects
. Life cycle assessment (LCA)
. Life Cycle Design approach: life cycle + functional
. Introduction to Product Life Cycle Design criteria
. Resources minimisation
. Low impact resources selection
. Product life optimisation
. Material life extension
. Design for disassembly


(product) LIFE CYCLE DESIGN
(or eco-design, design for the environment, …)
the discipline integrating
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
within the PRODUCT design process


ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

EACH ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT IS BASED ON A
SUBSTANCE’S EXCHANGE (IMPACT) BETWEEN THE
NATURE/ENVIRONMENT AND A (ANTHROPIC
TRASFORMATION) PROCESS OF A PRODUCTION
AND CONSUMPTION SYSTEM

input: substance extraction from the environment

output: substance emission in the environment

(not all impacts damage with the same entity)


INPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS

RESOURCES EXHAUSTION
ALTERATION OF THE ECOSYSTEMS’ BALANCE
(damaging outputs of extractive processes)


OUTPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS
global warming (greenhouse effect)
ozone layer depletion
eutrophication
acidification
smog
toxicity
wastes
...


DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

CAN WE ASSOCIATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
TO A PRODUCT?
AND HOW?

APPROACHES:
- PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
- FUNCTIONAL UNIT

EVALUATION METHOD:
- LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT


PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN: APPROACH

an extended design horizon
from product design
to the design of the product life cycle stages


LIFE CYCLE

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from product design
the design “reference”
from product design
to product’s “function” design


FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

IS NOT THE PRODUCT TO BE DESIGNED
(ASSESSED) BUT, THE WHOLE OF THE
PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCT
AND FULFILLMENT OF A GIVEN FUNCTION



from product design
the design “reference”
from product design
to product’s “function” design

he environmental design “objective”

inimise the environmental impact of the whole of the
phases in relation to the functional unit

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF
PRODUCT

LCA: LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
a quantitative method to assess the environmental
effects of the life cycle of a given product/service in
relation to its functional unit

ISO 14040


e.g. LCA upholstered seat (8 years life span)

PRE-PROD. DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL
PRODUCTION


e.g. LCA refrigerator (10 years life span)

PRE-PROD. DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL
PRODUCTION


PRODUCT LYFE CYCLE DESIGN: DEFINITION

“the design of the product life cycle
stages that, while considering all
requirements, aims at minimising
the environmental impact of the
whole of the life cycle phases in
relation to the functional unit”

(Vezzoli & Manzini, Springer, London, 2008)


LCD: ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA

RESOURCES MINIMISATION
LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION
PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY


RESOURCES MINIMISATION
quantitative impact reduction (life cycle/function)

DESIGN FOR:

MATERAIL USE MINIMISATION
in life cycle phases

ENERGY USE MINIMISATION
in life cycle phases


EX. MATERIALS CONSUMPTION MINIMISATION

Ikea Air sofa,
Ikea


EX. ENERGIES CONSUMPTION MINIMISATION

FRIA,
refrigerator,
Tischner


LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION
qualitative impact reduction (life cycle/function)

DESIGN FOR:
RESOURCES CONSERVATION/RENEWABILITY
in all life cycle phases

RESOURCES NON TOXICITY AND HARMFULNESS
in all life cycle phases


EX. TOXICITY AND HARMFULNESS MINIMISATION

rags for cleaning in
micro-fiber (no
need for
detergent)


EX. ENERGY RENEWABILITY IMPROVEMENT

Solar
shuttle,
Kopf Umwelt


EX. MATERIAL BIO-COMPATIBILITY IMPROVEMENT

gardening
vase in
mater-B,
cornstarch
bio-deg.
polimer by
Novamont


RESOURCES RENEWABILITY

DEPENDS ON:
- RE-GROWING SPECIFIC SPEED
- EXTRACTION FREQUENCY

a resource is renewable if:
a context related
anthropic consumption rate < natural re-growing rate


MATERIALS’ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

DEPENDS ON:
- MATERIAL-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
- CHARACTERISTICS GIVEN TO PRODUCT

A RANKING FROM THE BEST TO THE WORST IS
(USUALLY) “MISLEADING ”



DESIGN FOR:
EXTENDING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) LIFE SPAN
INTENSIFYING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) USE


EX. PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION

CARE, changing top>kids table>writing desk, Stokke


AVOIDED IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTS
SHORT product/component life

PRE-PRODUCTION PRE-PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND
TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION USE CONSUMPTION

USE USE

DISPOSAL

same function in time

DISP.

USE USE

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIB.
UPDATING OF THE COMPONENTS
PROD. CAUSING CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION

PRE-PRODUCTION P-PROD.

EXTENDED product/component life


AVOIDED IMPACTS
product/component INTENSE life

PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.

A1 B1 C1 B2 A2 C2 B3 A3 C3

LIFE INDIPENDENT FROM LENGHT OF USE
use (function) during time


A1 A2 A3


B1 B2 B3


C1 C2 C3

products/components NOT INTENSE life



DESIGN FOR:

RECYCLING

ENERGY RECOVERY

COMPOSTING


AVOIDED IMPACTS ADDITIONAL IMPACTS

material NON-EXTENDED life

LANDFILL

PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE

PRE- PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION


RECYCLING
COMBUSTION
COMPOSTING


PRE-
PRODUCTION
material EXTENDED life


MATERIALS’ RECYCLABILITY (COMB., COMP.)

DIPENDS ON:

- SPECIFIC MATERIAL’S CHARACTERISTICS
performances recovery (and process costs)

- PRODUCT’S ARCHITECTURE

- RECYCLING PHASES


POST-CONSUMPTION RECYCLING PHASES:
(COMBUSTION, COMPOSTING)
. collection
. transportation
. separation (disassembly a/o crushing)
. identification
. cleaning
. secondary raw material’s production


E M T R LL EE E
X. AE IA IF XT NSION

water
bottle for
easy
recycling,
EVIAN


DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY

> of parts/components

> of materials


EX. DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
Mirra seat,
Herman Miller


PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN:
METHODS/TOOLS
several have been developed (according to ISO/TR
14062:2002 Environmental management - Integrating environmental
aspects into product design and development)

…
UNEP-TUD (D4S) POLIMI-DIS (MPDS)

MPDS: Method for Product Design for Environmental Sustainability

(developed and adopted by DIS-Polimi)
processes/tools PRODUCT DESIGN processes/tools
to orientate PHASES envirnomental assesm.

(brief) LCA on reference
environmental design
priorities identification: product for design:
product
sch. IPSA/radar (ICS) es. SIMAPRO
strategies

sustainability-focused abrdiged LCA check:
ideas generation: es. SIMAPRO
tavole eco-idee (ICS) product qualitative check:
cecklist (ICS)
check of sustainability concept
design priorities:
sch. IPSA/radar (ICS)
abrdiged LCA on
potential impact
most promising product reduction:
concept selection design es. SIMAPRO
qualitative check:
cecklist (ICS)
low environmental
impact
processes selection: LCA of comparisonfor
tools to orientate ingegner. environmental quality
specific environmental communication:
issues es. idemat es. SIMAPRO


Eco-idea tables_ICS toolkit
… SOME OF THE MPDS TOOLS
Idea 3
Idea 1

Checklist (guidelies related)_ICS toolkit

Idea 2

Multicriteria Radar_ICS toolkit

free download at
www.lens.polimi.it / tools

f you want to know more on:

RODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN

LECTURER’S BIBLIOGRAPHY)


1.3 product life cycle design vezzoli 11-12 (41)

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