Economic and political issues related to big data in transport.

1. Leveraging Big Data to Manage Transport Operations
Economic and political issues
EBDVF 2018, Vienna
19/06/2019 1

2. General definitions
Economic (as an object of analysis)
Activities carried out by actors in the provision of services and goods
- How does big data affect the economy of the EEA? (micro-, mesoscopic)?
Political (as a type of impact)
Impacts in the domain of exercise of power (such as governmental or
market)
- How does economic activity using big data affect the exercise of power of
different actors?
- How does the exercise of power of different actors affect the big data
economy?
19/06/2019 2

3. Economic activity:
Micro-level perspective
Economic activity
(Big Data)
How does big data affect
the economy of the EEA?
(micro-, mesoscopic)?
• Structure of the
transport sector
• Role of big data – i.e.
big data business
models (in the
transport sector)
• Aims of the
application of big data
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4. Potential benefits of big data to
an economic actor
Industry breakthrough
- improved processes, lower costs,
higher quality, better value
proposition compared to
competitors, defining industry
standards
Market innovation
- New services, new target markets,
identifying niche markets
Actual sustainability
- Environmental, circular economy,
social inclusion, privacy, …
Business model innovation
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5. Political analysis
Economic activity
(Big Data)
Exercise of power
(Existing and New)
How does economic activity using big data
affect the exercise of power of different actors?
How does the exercise of power of different
actors affect the big data economy?
• Effects at different
actor levels
19/06/2019 5

6. How does economic activity using big data affect the
exercise of power of different actors?
Private
individuals
Associations, businesses,
organizations
Public sector (municipality, national)
International and foreign companies,
governments
- Vulnerable groups are excluded(?)
- Increase monopolies (esp. for network
platforms) – hoarding data
- Increase availability of data for
own planning of transport
- Some areas less oversight and
control
- Increase public sector efficiency
- Dependence on foreign
actors for data
- Data/knowledge outside
jurisdiction
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7. How does the exercise of power of different actors
affect the big data economy?
Private
individuals
Associations, businesses,
organizations
Public sector (municipality, national)
International and foreign companies and
governments
- Exercise of GDPR rights dismantles some business
models
- Monopolies reduce competition in the
market.
- Start-ups/new entrants are excluded.
- Open data
- Obliging data sharing
- … other legal measures
- Disputes over jurisdiction
- Prevent data from being
shared
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8. Leveraging Big Data to Manage Transport Operations
Policy issues
EBDVF 2018, Vienna

9. Key points
• No specific big data policies
• Transport policies with data consequences
• Intelligent Transport Systems
• Automated driving
• Smart mobility
• Data policies that have an impact in the transport field
• Open data
• Private policies are different from organisation to
organisation
• Data ownership
• Use cases describe show the exploitation of big data in the
transport field

10. 1. Are there any national / local government or political initiatives about the use of
(big) data? (e.g. White Paper, government policy, etc.). For each document, please
indicate whether it covers economic, ethical, social, etc. aspects.
2. Are any of the initiatives listed under Question 1 specific to the transport sector?
If yes, which initiative(s)? Please indicate which transport mode(s) (e.g. railway,
maritime, road, freight/passenger, etc.) is/are covered.
3. Is there any specific legislation about (big) data? If yes, to what extent does such
legislation regulate the linking, sharing and re-use of (big) data?
4. Is there any specific legislation about (big) data in the transport sector? If yes, to
what extent does such legislation regulate the linking, sharing and re-use of (big)
data?
5. Is there any legislative proposal to regulate (big) data? If yes, what aspects of (big)
data are covered by such proposal(s)?
6. Is there any guidance / opinion / recommendation from a national or local
authority relating to (big) data?
7. Are any of the documents listed under Question 5 specific to the transport sector?
If yes, which document(s)? Please indicate which transport mode(s) (e.g. railway,
maritime, road, freight/passenger, etc.) is / are covered.
Big Data Policies
Policy survey

11. Public policies
• EU policies
• General policies affecting the
transport sector
• Specific policies per transport mode
 Strategy to facilitate the access to and sharing of data
vs. strict personal data protection laws
• National policies (selected EU Member States &
third countries)
• Data protection laws (implementing
GDPR or standalone)
• Open data policies, incl. transport
• Automated driving
• Smart mobility
Big Data Policies
Key findings
Private policies (illustrated by use-cases)
Railway operators Relatively easy data access
Airport operators Open data policies
Real-time road
traffic
management
Private companies (e.g. Waze,
Uber) open to share data
Supply chain
management
No data sharing policies –
claims of data ownership
Port management Cybersecurity issues
Connected &
automated vehicles
No data sharing policies –
claims of privacy, IP, data
ownership, …

12. Leveraging Big Data to Manage Transport Operations
Legal Issues
EBDVF 2018, Vienna

13. Legal issues
Impact of some technical characteristics
Impact on:
• Privacy
• Sharing obligations
• International data transfer
• Free flow of data
• Contractual aspects
• Lability regime
• …

14. Legal issues
Multiplicity of actors in the data value cycle
Source: OECD, Data-driven Innovation: big data for Growth and Well-being [2015] OECD Publishing, Paris.

15. Legal issues
Overview of 12 identified legal issues