Empfohlen
Empfohlen
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Was ist angesagt? (20)
Ähnlich wie Rat Model, Physical Activity, and Eating Behavior 8 April 2014
Ähnlich wie Rat Model, Physical Activity, and Eating Behavior 8 April 2014 (20)
Rat Model, Physical Activity, and Eating Behavior 8 April 2014
- 1. I. Physical Activity in the rat model; gene expression in the brain stem II. Energy Balance: A Review of Physical Activity and Food Behavior in the College Population Megan Gadda, Dayna Okumura, Kylie Pybus Dr. Van Hoomisen University of Portland, Founders Day 8 April 2014
- 2. Exercise, Cognitive Behavior, and Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Depression 2009: OFB Rat Model and PA Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Galanin (gal) Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) In-situ Hybridization Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Overview
- 3. OBX Rat Model of Depression •Olfactory Bulb: Physiology •Locus Coeruleus •Stress, anxiety, depression •Neurotransmitter pathways: Galanin (GAL), Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), Brain Derived Nuerotropic factor (BDNF) •Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression
- 4. Methods - 2009 •Two Week Accommodation Period •OBX/SHAM Surgical Procedures •Sedentary •8 Week Sedentary Period •Novel Object Preference •Passive Avoidance •Euthanize •Activity Wheel Running •8 Week Exercise Period Morgan, D., Strang, J., Tsao, J., & Van Hoomissen, J. 2009.The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Behavior in a Rat Model of Depression
- 5. Morgan, D., Strang, J., Tsao, J., & Van Hoomissen, J. 2009.The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Behavior in a Rat Model of Depression Results: Wheel running and OBX effects on object recognition
- 6. Methods : In-situ hybridization 1. Coronol Sections of Rat Brain: Hippocampus, Locus Coerleus, and Nucleus Accumbens 2. Pretreatment (strip membranes and deactivation) 3. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) Labeling of Oligonucleotides 4. Spin Column and Centrifuge Labeled Probe 5. Assessment 6. Hybridization 7. Wash for non-specific binding 8. Film Development and Quanitfy Gene Expression (Optical Densities) Van Hoomissen et al., 2003 Messenger RNA: in situ hybridizationOligonucleotide AA AAA AG C G C TT Terminal Deoxytidyl Transferase + 35S dATP AA AAA AG C G C TT A A A A A End Labeled Oligonucleotide AA AAA AG C G C T T A A A A A A AG GCT T T T TTC Target Sequence
- 7. Kuteeva E, Wardi T, Lundstrom L, Sollenboerg U, Langel U, Hokfelt T, Ogren SO. 2008. Differential role of galanin receptors in the regulation of depression-like behavior and monoamine/stress-related genes at the cell body level. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008, 33(11): 2573-2585.
- 8. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus Allen Brain Atlas
- 9. Energy Balance Physical Environment Urban sprawl Population density Absence of sidewalks Building design Automobile dependence Pollutants Genetic hypotheses Biology Viruses RMR Regulators of adipogenesis: RAR, RXR, PPARg, C/EBP, SREBP-1c, PGC-1, etc. Thermogenes isLipid ox Peripheral regulators of appetite: PYY, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, etc. CNS regulators of appetite: NPY, a-MSH, CART, Orexins, Agouti, MC4R, MCH, AGRP, etc. n-6/n-3 PUFAs SocialEnvironment •Fewer mealsat home •Eating onthe run •Societyofspectators insteadofparticipant •Powerfuland constantadvertising •Pressureto be sedentary •Eatingas recreation •Pressureto consume Behavior Larger portions Cornfructosesyrup Calorie- dense foods MoresedentarismLessphysicalactivity Smoking cessation Certain medications LactationHigh fat diets Maternal- fetal nutrition Epigenetics Obesity Adipogenesis Overweight Genetic Predisposition Energy Expenditure Energy Intake Nutrient / Energy Partitioning Blair, S. Hand, G., Hebert, J. 2013. Energy Balance. Obesity week: Georgia World Congress Center. College Students: On vs. Off Campus Dining Halls Walking distance College Students: Do not meet Physical Activity Guidelines Fruit/Vegetable Dietary Recommendations
- 10. Physical Activity Contributions to Mental Health • Depression 82,98, 63 , Anxiety 11, 89 and Stress 6, 60 • Mental health implications for Physically active and Physically inactive students • Is PA beneficial to mental health?
- 11. General Trends of Physical Activity from 1978-present • Health benefits of physical activity recognized • Surveys of PA in college populations: 1995 NCHBRS • Interventions to increase PA: GRAD(1999-2001), TEAM (2001), ARTEC (2001), PSFA (2001), AA (2001) • Transtheoretical model: Stages of Change (2000) • Improve accuracy and validity of PA measurements • Re-survey with focus on behavioral determinants • Interventions based on new theoretical models
- 12. 2011 ACSM Physical Activity Recommendation • “The ACSM recommends that most adults engage in moderate-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for 30 min/d on 5 d/wk for a total of 150 min/wk, vigorous- intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for 20 min/d on 3 d/wk (75 min/wk), or a combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise to achieve a total energy expenditure of 500–1000 MET/min/wk. On 2–3 d/wk, adults should also perform resistance exercises for each of the major muscle groups, and neuromotor exercise involving balance, agility, and coordination. Crucial to maintaining joint range of movement, completing a series of flexibility exercises for each the major muscle–tendon groups (a total of 60s per exercise) on 2 d/wk is recommended.”
- 13. Physical Activity Recommendation Breakdowns • 1998, 2001, 2007, 2011 • Cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition • Muscular Strength and Endurance • Flexibility
- 14. Physical Activity Measurements Measurement Self-Report Surveys/Question naires Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System71, Brunel Physical Activity Questionnaire, CARDIA Physical Activity History Questionnaire7, 37, 61, EPIC-Norfolk Questionnaire, Friedenreich Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire13, 72, 78, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)49, 79, 87, 97, 100, Lipid Research Clinics Questionnaire12, 13, 17, Modifiable Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents49, National College Health Risk Behavior Survey23, 30, 33, 44, 47, 57, 60, 61, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire5, 10, 13, Physical Activity Frequency Questionnaire, Previous Day Physical Activity Recall, Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire, Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall7, 30, 56, YALE Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), Youth Risk Behavior Survey18, 39, 56, 60, 71, stages of exercise behavior change questionnaire44, 55, 59, 66, Sallis exercise and nutrition self-efficacy questionnaire (SENSQ)44, 64, physical activity maintenance questionnaire72, Obligatory exercise questionnaire77, Physical activity specification survey77, vigorous physical activity and sports participation questionnaire92 Pedometer Pedometer (Yamax Digiwalker (DW) model 200)58, Digi-Walker SW-200 pedometer (New Lifestyles Inc, Lees Summit, MO)79, pedometer (Yamax SW-200, Yamax Corp, Tokyo, Japan)80 Accelerometers Actigraph (formerly CSA) model 7164 (Manufacturing Technology Inc., Fort Walton Beach, FL)70, accelerometer (MTI Actigraph version 2.2; Manufacturing Technology Inc, Fort Walton Beach, FL)80, three-dimensional MEMS accelerometer positioned on the back of the shoe90, ActiGraph GT1M 97 VO2 Max Queens college 3-minute step test to estimate VO2max37, 64,portable open-circuit respirometry system (Oxycon Mobile; Viasys, Yorba Linda, CA)90 In-class tests Astrand-Rhyming bicycle test of cardiovascular fitness, dynamometer tests of strength1, skinfold tests1, 64, Test of abdominal muscular endurance1
- 15. Problems in Physical Activity Measurement • Inconsistent Methods of recall: intensity, duration, frequency • Validity and accuracy of self-report surveys • Attempts to improve validity: self-report vs. accelerometers and pedometers97, 100, 79, 80
- 16. Interventions • ARTEC, TEAM, PSFA, AA • Project GRAD (Sallis et al, 1998) – Cognitive-behavioral intervention course vs. a general health course – Follow up: 1 and 2 years after intervention
- 17. Results: Broad Overview • The overwhelming majority of college students (32-77%) of college students do not meet any of the recommended physical activity requirements set forth by ACSM, the Surgeon general, American Heart Association, and the CDC.
- 18. Results: What we know about the College Population • The majority of college men and women do not meet physical activity requirements 12, 23, 32, 48, 51, 64, 66, 72, 74, 80, 76, 86 • College PE classes can have positive long term effects 3, 15, 22, 16, 22, 25 • Weekends70 and Leisure time13 • Transition from young adulthood to adulthood 18, 39, 45, 46, 60, 74, 94, 95, 96 • Males vs. Females 56, 70, 79 • Barriers to PA 51, 52, 61, 69 • Behavior change 20, 29, 65, 75, 81 and Stages of Change 25, 30, 32, 36, 37, 47, 52, 58, 71, 77, 84, 101 • Multiple risk behaviors 10, 76, 78, 85, 87, 88
- 19. New theories • Social ecological model
- 20. UP: how to act? • Do not solely use Self-report measures • Wellness teaching environment • Physical activity requirement: promote lifetime physical activity • Physical environment alterations • Active and Passive recruitment methods • Incentives
- 21. Sources Cited
- 22. Literature Review - Methods Sources • MEDLINE • PsycINFO • PubMed Search Terms: • Research Group: “emerging adult*” “college/undergraduate student*” • Trends: “Food Behavior*” “Eating Behavior*”
- 23. Zheng, H. & Berthoud H. 2008. Neural Systems Controlling the Drive to Eat: Mind Versus Metabolism. Physiology 23: 75-83.
- 24. Individual (intrapersonal) - Food preferences - Stress, body image, mental health - Metabolism Environment - Social (interpersonal) - Physical - Macro University Characteristics - On vs. Off Campus - University Lifestyle Adapted from Figure 1. Factors Affecting Eating Behaviors in University Students Deliens T., Clarys P., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., Deforche B. 2014. Determinants of eating behavior in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BioMed Central Public Health. 14(53):1-12.
- 25. Motivations/Health Belief ModelObjectiveKnowledge Confidence - Nutritional Knowledge Threat: Susceptibility and Severity Expectation: Benefit and Barrier Behavioral Intention To Eat Healthy Food To do Physical Activity Kim H.S., Ahn J., No JK. 2012. Applying the health belief model to college students' health behavior. Nutrition Research and Practice 6(6):551-8.
- 26. What are Students Consuming? • 42% ate a morning meal (Cason, et al. 2002) • 52% ate a snack 1-2X/day (Cason, et al. 2002) • 5.5% met dietary guidelines for fruit/vegetable consumption (Greene et al. 2011). 1 serving 1.5 servings 0.5 servings 1.4 servings Kelly N.R., Mazzeo S. E., Bean M. K. 2013. Systematic Review of Dietary Interventions With College Students: Directions for Future Research and Practice. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 45: 304-313.
- 27. Challenges: Food Questionnares Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable Intake Satter Eating Competence Inventory Food Frequency Questionnaires 24-hour dietary recall
- 28. Appropriate Health Interventions Web-based Intervention Greene G.W., White A.A., Hoerr S.L., Lohse B., Schembre S. M., Riebe D., Patterson J., Kattelmann K.K., Shoff S., Horacek T., Blissmer B., Phillips B.W. 2012. Impact of an Online Healthful Eating and Physical Activity Program for College Students. American Journal of Health Promotion. 27(2): 47-59 Cluster Groups Greene, G. W., Schembre S. M., White A.A., Hoerr S.H., Lohse B., Shoff S., Horacek T., Riebe D., Patterson J., Phillips B.W., Kattelmann K.K., Blissmer B. 2011. Identifying Clusters of college students at elevated health risk based on eating and exercise behaviors and psychosocial determinants of body weight. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:394-400. Psychosocially Secure Behaviorally Competent High Risk
- 29. References Bountziouka V., Bathrellou E., Giotopoulou A., Katsagoni C., Bonou M., Vallianou N., Barbetseas J., Avgerinos P.C., Panagiotakos D.B. 2010. Development, repeatability, and validity regarding energy and macronutrient intake of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire: Methodological considerations. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases. Cason K.L. WTR. 2002. Health and nutrition beliefs, attitudes, and practices of undergraduate college students: A needs assessment. Topics in Clinical Nutrition 17(3):52-70. Deliens T., Clarys P., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., Deforche B. 2008. Determinants of eating behavior in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BioMed Central Public Health. 14(53):1-12. Greene, G. W., Schembre S. M., White A.A., Hoerr S.H., Lohse B., Shoff S., Horacek T., Riebe D., Patterson J., Phillips B.W., Kattelmann K.K., Blissmer B. 2011. Identifying Clusters of college students at elevated health risk based on eating and exercise behaviors and psychosocial determinants of body weight. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:394-400. Huang T.K., Harris K.J., Lee R.E., Nazir N., Born W., Kaur H. 2003. Assessing Overweight, Obesity, Diet, and Physical Activity in College Students. 52(2): 83-87. Huang Y-L., Song W.O., Schemmel R.A., Hoerr S.M. 1994. What do College Students Eat? Food Selection and Meal Pattern. Nutrition Research 14(8):1143-1153. Kelly N.R., Mazzeo S. E., Bean M. K. 2013. Systematic Review of Dietary Interventions With College Students: Directions for Future Research and Practice. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 45: 304-313. Kicklighter J.R., Koonce V.J., Rosenbloom C.A., Commander N.E. 2010. College freshmen perceptions of effective and ineffective aspects of nutrition education. Journal of American College Health 59(2):98-104. Kim H.S., Ahn J., No JK. 2012. Applying the health belief model to college students' health behavior. Nutrition Research and Practice 6(6):551-8.
- 30. References Kolodinsky J., Harvey-Berino J.R., Berlin L., Johnson R.K., Reynolds T.W. 2007. Knowledge of current dietary guidelines and food choice by college students: Better eaters have higher knowledge of dietary guidance. Journal of American Dietetic Association 107:1409-13. Larson N., Laska M. N., Story M., Neumark-Sztainer D. 2012. Predictors of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Young Adulthood. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 112:1216-1222. Laska MN, Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M: Dietary patterns and home food availability during emerging adulthood: Do they differ by living situation? PublicHealthNutrition2009. Lin PL, Wan Dali WPE. 2012. The Impact of Nutrition Education Interventions on the Dietary Haits of College Students in Developed Nations: A Brief Review. Malays Journal of Medical Science. 19(1):4-14. Misra R. 2007. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Label Use among College Students. Journal of American Dietetic Association.107:2130-2134 Nelson C. N., Kocos R., Lytle L. A., Perry C. L. 2009. Understanding the perceived determinants of weight-related behaviors in late adolescence: A qualitative analysis among college youth. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 41(4):287-92. Pelletier J.E., Graham D.J, Laska M.N. 2014. Social Norms and Dietary Behaviors among Young Adults. American Journal of Health Behavior 38(1):144- 152. Peterson S., Duncan P. D., Null D. B., Roth L. R., Gill L. 2010. Positive changes in perceptions and selections of healthful foods by collge students after a short-term point-of-selection intervention at a dining hall. 58(5):425-31. Racette S.B., Deusinger S.S, Strube M.J., Highstein G.R., Deusinger R.H. 2008. Changes in Weight and Health Behaviors from Freshman through Senior Year of College. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 40:39-42. Quick V., Byrd-Bredbenner C., White A.A., Brown O., Colby S., Shoff S., Lohse B., Horacek T., Kidd T., Greene G. 2013. Eat, Sleep, Work, Play: Associations of Weight Status and Health-Related Behaviors Among Young Adult College Students. American Journal of Health Promotion. Small M., Bailey-Davis L., Morgan N., Maggs J. 2012. Changes in Eating and Physical Activity Behviors Across Seven Semesters of College: Living On or Off Campus Matters. Health Education & Behavior. 40(4) 435-441.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Kylie
- Megan
- Dayna
- Dayna or Megan Once they are put in an aversive situation and they remember the aversive stimulus, the next day how long does it take for them? Sham animals does not show much effect in the crossing latency, we can assume the OBX model retains this memory with exercise Next study: 2012 long-term effect
- Kylie Questions! complementary to endogenous target sequence (mRNA) de-lipidate, etc.just preparatory movements put poly a tail (radioactive) which is picked up on silver grains from the film
- Megan and Dayna
- KYLIE Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), found in the hippocampal formation (HF) is essential in promoting neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and enhancing cognition and learning (Groves-Chapman et al., 2011; Oliff HS et al., 1998; Murray PS and Holmes, 2011; Van Hoomissen et al., 2003). Previous studies have indicated increases in BDNF levels following chronic stress activity such as contextual fear conditioning and both chronic and voluntary exercise (Groves-Chapman et al., Fang ZH et al., Murray PS and Holmes PV, 2011; Van Hoomissen JD, 2003). BDNF’s signal transduction cascade influences neuronal excitability, long-term potentiation (LTP) of neurons, apoptosis, and regulates pre-synaptic activity for neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) (Murray PS and Homes PV 2011). Due to BDNF mRNA’s role in neurogenesis and modulating stress responses such as pre-synaptic NE activity; research in cognition and depression may be enhanced with a greater understanding of how and where mRNA BDNF is increased, decreased, or its role in a gradient model of expression (Groves-Chapman et al., 2011; Van Hoomissen et al. 2003). Inducing a rat model of depression following olfactory bulbectomy revealed that chronic exercise reversed deleterious consequences of stress and depression (Morgan D, et al. 2009). LAST 10 YEARS, hot new topic. Neurotrophic Factors helped Neurons grow Model of Stress, Anxiety, But… how does it change brain function?? This study hoped to reveal the density and location of mRNA BDNF in the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, CA1, CA2, and CA3 fields of the hippocampus). In determining optical density and location of BDNF in the HF, further developments may be made in neurogenesis, including reversing the effects of decreased cognition in depression models following exercise.
- How are we going to measure it? Energy Balance INPUT (Food) EXPORT (Calorie Expenditure, Living basal metabolic rate, NEAT amt. of energy it takes not used for PA, PA anything where we start to move, exercise with goal) What is a Healthy Balance? + Health Steve Blair
- -Aerobically fit subjects had a reduced psychosocial stress response (6) -State Anxiety is reduced by aerobic forms of exercise for at least 21 minutes (11) -Positive association for women between type A personality and physical activity (10) -more psychological distress in non-exercisers and those who went from active to insufficiently active or inactive (60) -depression, weight concern and low PA were not associated with binge drinking (63) -physically active (aerobic and toning activities) men and women experienced lower rates of hopelessness, depression and suicidal behavior (82) -exercise training significantly reduced anxiety symptoms among sedentary patients who have chronic illness (89) -higher self esteem, higher positive affect, and lower perceived stress in active participants (92) -Exercise is moderately more effective than a control intervention for reducing symptoms of depression, but analysis of methodologically robust trials only shows a smaller effect in favour of exercise. When compared to psychological or pharmacological therapies, exercise appears to be no more effective, though this conclusion is based on a few small trials. (98)
- 1998 (27): - Cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition - 3-5 days/week - 55/65%-90% of maximum heart rate (HRmax), or 40/50%-85% of maximum oxygen uptake reserve (V·O2R) or HRmax reserve (HRR - 20-60mins of continuous or intermittent aerobic activity throughout the day - any activity that uses large muscle groups, which can be maintained continuously, and is rhythmical and aerobic in nature - Muscular Strength and Endurance, body composition and flexibility - Resistance training should be progressive in nature, individualized, and provide a stimulus to all the major muscle groups. One set of 8-10 exercises that conditions the major muscle groups 2-3 d·wk-1 is recommended - Flexibility exercises should be incorporated into the overall fitness program sufficient to develop and maintain range of motion (ROM). These exercises should stretch the major muscle groups and be performed a minimum of 2-3 d·wk-1. Stretching should include appropriate static and/or dynamic techniques. 2001 (41): To achieve these goals, The Surgeon General’s Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity is committed to five overarching principles: Promote the recognition of overweight and obesity as major public health problems. AssistAmericansinbalancinghealthfuleatingwithregularphysicalactiv- ity to achieve and maintain a healthy or healthier body weight. Identify effective and culturally appropriate interventions to prevent and treat overweight and obesity. Encourage environmental changes that help prevent overweight and obesity. Develop and enhance public-private partnerships to help implement this vision. 2007 (73): Primary Recommendation: To promote and maintain health, all healthy adults aged 18 to 65 yr need moderate-intensity aerobic (endurance) physical activity for a minimum of 30 min on five days each week or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 20 min on three days each week. [I (A)] Combinations of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity can be performed to meet this recommendation. It is recommended that 8–10 exercises be performed on two or more nonconsecutive days each week using the major muscle groups. To maximize strength development, a resistance (weight) should be used that allows 8–12 repetitions of each exercise resulting in volitional fatigue. Muscle-strengthening activities include a progressive weight-training program, weight bearing calisthenics, stair climbing, and similar resistance exercises that use the major muscle groups. 2011 (91) The ACSM recommends that most adults engage in moderate-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for Q30 minIdj1 on Q5 dIwkj1 for a total of Q150 minIwkj1, vigorous-intensity cardiorespira- tory exercise training for Q20 minIdj1 on Q3 dIwkj1 (Q75 minIwkj1), or a combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise to achieve a total energy expenditure of Q500–1000 METIminIwkj1. On 2–3 dIwkj1, adults should also perform resistance exercises for each of the major muscle groups, and neuromotor exercise involving balance, agility, and coordina- tion. Crucial to maintaining joint range of movement, completing a series of flexibility exercises for each the major muscle–tendon groups (a total of 60 s per exercise) on Q2 dIwkj1 is recommended.
- Kcal/week or day, METS/week or day, steps/week or day, VO2max Most surveys are valid, however, when compared with objective data they are extremely innacurate
- -College CPE classes can have positive long term effects (3) -Students graduating from colleges with higher PEA requirements demonstrate more positive exercise attitudes and behaviors (15, 22) -The greater the college requirement, the more positive the relationship to perceived knowledge and attitude (16) -Aerobically fit subjects had a reduced psychosocial stress response (6) -State Anxiety is reduced by aerobic forms of exercise for at least 21 minutes (11) -Positive association for women between type A personality and physical activity (10) -more psychological distress in non-exercisers and those who went from active to insufficiently active or inactive (60) -depression, weight concern and low PA were not associated with binge drinking (63) -physically active (aerobic and toning activities) men and women experienced lower rates of hopelessness, depression and suicidal behavior (82) -exercise training significantly reduced anxiety symptoms among sedentary patients who have chronic illness (89) -higher self esteem, higher positive affect, and lower perceived stress in active participants (92) -Exercise is moderately more effective than a control intervention for reducing symptoms of depression, but analysis of methodologically robust trials only shows a smaller effect in favour of exercise. When compared to psychological or pharmacological therapies, exercise appears to be no more effective, though this conclusion is based on a few small trials. (98) -Level of PA is inversely related to risk of coronary heart disease (10) -frequent exercisers reported significantly lower cigarette use did students who reported infrequent exercise (76) -reduction in PA appears to be the defining characteristic in freshman weight gain (78) -increased fitness was associated with increased HDL, and decreased triglycerides in women and decreased serum glucose in men (85) -higher PA increased levels of alcohol consumption (87,88) -higher PA is associated with lower levels of smoking (88) -65% of women and 44% of men are classified as sedentary (12) -Among all students, 37.6% reported they had participated in vigorous physical activity ("that made you sweat and breathe hard") for at least 20 minutes on 3 or more of the 7 days preceding the survey, and 19.5% reported walking or bicycling (moderate physical activity) for at least 30 minutes at a time on 5 or more of the 7 days preceding the survey (Table 10) (23) - 47% of females and 32% of males were insufficiently active (32) -32.9% of men and 32.1% of women met the recommended levels of vigorous, 5.1% men and 8.3% women moderate, and 22.1% men and 18.4% women met strengthening PA requirements (48) -over half of the sample were sedentary or insufficiently active (51) -female college freshman experience body weight increase, reduction in PA, and higher caloric intake (64) - only about half of participants engaged in regular aerobic exercise and 30% did not engage in any exercise on a regular basis (66) -only 4.6% of participants participated in vigorous PA according to ACSM recommendation -majority of student participants were insufficiently active (72) - 60% of students did not exercise sufficiently (74) -45%-71% of students met the minimum public health recommendation of 30mins of moderate-intensity PA each weekday (80) -45% of students reported infrequent exercise (76) -34% of participants did not meet PA guidelines (86) -men and women were inactive and sedentary during leisure time (13) -students were more active on weekdays than on weekends (70) -Almost half of alumni reported being less active than they were in college (18) -The “regular, vigorous activity” and strengthening patterns declined consistently from ages 12 through 21. Young adulthood (18–29 yr) often marked continuing erosion of activity patterns (39) -decline of PA is steepest between the ages of 13 and 18 years of age (45) -between 20-40 years of age, there is an estimated reduction of about 10-20% in the fraction of moderate or vigorously active individuals (46) -positive correlation between PA during preteen and teen years and adult exercise habits (46) -decline in vigorous PA from highschool to university (60) -more highschool students engaged in VPA than college students (74) -24% decrease in PA over a 12 year period during the transition of young adults to early adulthood (94) -decrease in PA during the transition from high school to university (95) -daily PA declines from the 1st to the 7th semester in college students (96) - male students reported more aerobic exercise than female students (56) -males are more active than females (70) -men took significantly more steps than did women (79) - females were more likely than males to meet the moderate PA requirement (70) -barriers to PA were no suitable activities and lack of time (51) - time and embarrassment were the main barriers to exercise (52) - for men, computer use was negatively correlated to PA, and for women, tv watching was negatively correlated to PA (61) -occurrence of exercise dependence of 21.8% meaning an overcommitment to PA -lack of time was the most important external barrier and lack of energy was the most important internal barrier (69) -The use of behavior modification has efficacy for increasing physical activity, providing a basis for optimism among professionals in public health and medicine that physical activity can be increased (20) -Need to develop practical and effective approaches for long-term health behavior change (29) -adherence to sport or PA is most likely to occur when motivations are intrinsic rather than extrinsic in nature, and sport participation is done for its own sake whereas exercise is done for desired outcomes (65) -readiness for behavior change was relatively low across multiple risk behavior combinations (75) - experimental groups improved attitude towards exercise, but no behavioral changes in PA were noted (81) - decisional balance and self-efficacy predict exercise relapse and adherence in active college population (36) - exercise self-efficacy, PA history and nonexercise estimation of aerobic capacity were significant predictors of the stage of exercise behavior change for both males and females (37) - progressive and regressive shifts in stage of exercise behavior change over time without the influence of intervention efforts (58) - The combination of level of activity and sex do not appear to be associated with social physique anxiety or obligation to exercise (77) - enjoyment and interest were the top two reasons for exercise class enrollment (47) - “exercise increases my physical fitness” (52) -Proximity and convenience are important determinants of PA participation (30) -female independent predictors of being insufficiently active were lower social support from family and friends, lower enjoyment of activity and not working, male predictors were lower social support from family and friends, lower enjoyment of activity and being older (32) -smoking, perceived weight and consumption of fruit were independent predictors of PA when controlling for other variables (71) -factors of organic development and lifetime uses were valued as the most important motivations to participate in PA (84) -Traditional students were more motivated by challenge, social recognition, affiliation, competition, appearance, and nim- bleness, whereas nontraditional college students were more motivated by health pressure and ill health avoidance. (101) - In this study students consistently rated "keeping in good health and physical condition", "getting regular exercise", and "having fun" as the three most important outcomes of participating in basic instruction programs (25)
- FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram showing the major factors determining neural control of appetite and regulation of energy balance The brain monitors the internal milieu through a number of hormonal- and neural nutrient-sensing mechanisms and is under constant influence of the environment and lifestyle through the senses and mainly the cognitive and emotional brain. The two streams of information are integrated to generate adaptive behavioral (food intake) and autonomic/endocrine responses determining nutrient partitioning, energy expenditure, and overall energy balance. Any of the peripheral and central signaling steps are subject to individual predisposition through either genetic, epigenetic, or non-genetic early life imprinting mechanisms.
- Individual Pathology of Obesity: Metabolism, Genetic Mutations Need to look at the larger picture of interactions from micro/macro environments informing individual choices Food preferences (taste) Self-discipline Epigenitic changes, developmental programming Dietary Knowledge Body image and self-concept (many studies have analyzed students psychosocial effects Social Environment Parental control Home Education Social Support (Huge in College Populations) Peer Pressure Physical Environment Availability and Accessibility of Foods Appeal and Cos of Foods Macro Environments Policy and legislation Socio-cultural norms and values Media and Advertising University Characteristics Reference: Adapted from Deliens et al. Figure 1 Zheng, H. & Berthoud, H. (2008). Neural systems controlling the drive to eat: Mind versus metabolism. Physiology; 23: 75-83
- Threat: Disease: Obesity, Diabetes, CVD, and Osteoporosis
- Cason et al. 2002 94 college students at a southern land grant university Survey: Health Lifestyles and Habits Questionnare Greene et al. 2011 Cross-sectional study of 1,689 college students from 8 different U.S colleges
- Add sample questions! NOT COMPETENT Reliable: highly correlated from day to day ACCURACY
- Web-based Intervention: 75% of emerging adults use social media providing information and advice to enhance healthy food choices and preparation (e.g. via social media), enhancing self-discipline and self-control, developing time management skills, enhancing social support, and modifying the subjective as well as the objective campus food environment Cluster Groups Cluster 1: Psychosocially Secure cluster: low level of weight related concers, high eating competence, low cognitive restraint and psychological stress scores. But, men had lowest PA and fruit/veggie intake appropriate intervention: “healthful eating Gives you energy!” Cluster 2: Behaviorally Competent: highest fruit and vegetable intake and highest vigorous physical activity. Men were typically happy with body weight appropriate intervention: “encourage maintenance of healthful behaviors and emphasize they are doing things right. Women: motivated by weight concerns due to high levels of cognitive restraint and desire to lose 10.2 lb appropriate intervention: maintenance of health promoting behaviors being careful of not emphasizing physical appearance or restrictive dieting due to the dangers of disordered eating High Risk: high emotional eating, desired greatest amount of weight loss appropriate intervention: “behavior strategies that include eating in response to internal cues (hunger and satiety) and managing emotional distress w/o use of calorically dense foods (6).