Sources of water that are useful to human.
Uses- agriculture, industry, household, recreational, environmental activities, etc.
Water- renewable resource, yet the world’s supply of clean, freshwater is steadily decreasing.
2. Water Resources:
Sources of water that are useful to human.
Uses- agriculture, industry, household, recreational,
environmental activities, etc.
Water- renewable resource, yet the world’s supply of
clean, freshwater is steadily decreasing.
3. Global Water Resources:
3/4th of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
Total amount of water on earth- 1400 Mkm3 (enough to cover the
earth with a layer of 3m depth).
Total amount of freshwater available- 2.7%
Rest 97.5%- Salty water
6. Unusable Water Usable Water
Out of the Total Fresh Water Available:
Usable Water (1%)- Rivers, lakes,
flowing streams
Unusable Water (99%)- Snow, Glaciers
“There is enough water available but very less usable. Hence,
we face Water Scarcity”.
7. India Water Resources:
Annual Precipitation- 1134mm
Total Geographical Area- 328M ha
Total Cultivated Area- 142.2M ha
Area under Irrigation- 47.4M ha
Area under Rainfed-98.5M ha
India has- i) 18% of world’s geographical area
ii) 15% of world’s livestock population
iii) 2% of world’s geographical area
iv) 0.5% of world’s pasture land
v) 1% of world’s forest area
Per capita availability of forest- 0.08ha (against the world’s avg.- 0.8ha)
8. Odisha Water Resources:
Total Geographical Area-15.57M ha
Rural Population-87%
Avg. Annual Rainfall-1489mm
No. of Rainy Days- 72days/year (66-70days)
Rainfall received cover an area of 23M ha with a layer of 1m depth
Contribution to GDP-28% (agri. sector)
Area Exploited under Agri.-40%
Irri. Area under Kharif-40%
Irri. Area under Rabi-32%
1489mm
(Annual Rainfall)
1185mm
(June-Sept)
194mm
(Oct-Feb)
121mm
(March-May)
9. Sectoral Use of Water:
Sectors Water Use in World(%) Developing Countries(%) Developed Countries(%) India(%)
AGRICULTURE 69 90 45 85
INDUSTRIES 23 5 45 7
DOMESTIC 8 5 10 8
Project Demand of Water:
Sectors 2000(%) 2010(%) 2025(%) 2050(%)
IRRIGATION 25.3 84.6 83.2 74
DOMESTIC 6.6 6.9 6.7 7
ENERGY 0.3 0.6 1.4 9
10. Water Related Issues:
4 out of 10 people- suffer water scarcity
1/3rd of world population now in water stressed countries
25%- doesn't have safe drinking water
40%- doesn’t have adequate water
50%- have water related diseases
80%- diseases due to water contamination
2.2Million people each year die (water contamination)
8 seconds- a child dies due to water related disease
11. Contd…
2025- 2/3rd world – water scarcity
2050- 7Billion population and 60 countries- water scarcity
Amount of water required/head is decreasing
1700m3 or less- water stress
1000m3 or less- water scarcity
500m3 or less- absolute scarcity level
12. Declining per capita availability of water:
INDIA
YEAR WATER AVAILABILITY (m3/head)
1951 5177
1990 2500
2001 1820
2025 1341
2050 1144
ODISHA
YEAR WATER AVAILABILITY(m3/head)
2001 3359
2051 2218
13. INDIA’s position- 133 among the 180 nations in terms of water availability
INDIA’s position – 120 in 122 nations in terms of quality of water
Requirement- 50litres of water/day/head
14. Water Requirement of different Crops:
CROPS WATER REQUIREMENT (litres/kg of food)
INDIA WORLD
Rice 2850 2291
Wheat 1654 1334
Sorghum 900 800
Sugarcane 159 175
Potato 1100 1050
Soybean - 2750
Cotton 18694 8242
Vegetables 250 195
Chicken 7736 3340
Milk 1369 990
Meat - 15000
15. Discipline Values:
3 Rs- Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Less resource intensive and more sustainable lifestyles
Have to be self discipline in management of water
Crop yield should not be sacrificed- water used judiciously
Minimise waste of food materials (minimises water wastage)
16. Sub-divisions of Water Resources:
SURFACE WATER RESOURCES:
Sources:
Rivers- largest river basin is the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin (GB Basin)
GB Basin- feeds 110M ha area
GB Basin- covers 43% of total catchment area of major rivers
Avg. annual potential of rivers- 1869.35BCM
1869.35BCM
690.32BCM
(Surface Water Resources)
432BCM
(Groundwater Resources)
17. Classification of Rivers:
Rivers(b/o Catchment Area-CA)
Major(>20000ha)
No. of Major rivers- 12
Medium(2000-20000ha)
No. of medium rivers- 46
Minor(<2000ha)
No. of minor rivers- 8
Desert(CA not necessary)
No. of desert rivers- 6
Rivers (b/o geography)
Perennial Rivers
(there is rainfall)
Seasonal
Rivers
Flossy Rivers
(originating from mountains, temporary period
& bring disasters)
Virgin Rivers
(Desert Rivers)
18. Other sources of surface water resources- canals, ponds, tanks, reservoirs,
lakes, ox-bow lakes etc.
Other sources accounts for- 7.4M ha
RIVERS CATCHMENT AREA(M ha)
Indus 32.1
Godaveri 31.3
Krishna 25.9
Mahanadi 14.2
19. GROUNDWATER(GW) RESOURCES:
Sources:
Precipitation covers 67% total GW resources
Rest 33%- from other sources
Storage Structures- Reservoirs
Seepage loss from canals
Seepage loss from Natural bodies(lakes, rivers, etc.)
Return flow from irrigation- percolation to deep percolation to recharge GW
Rainfall
S-W Monsoon
73%
Other Monsoon
Rest%
20. Dynamic GW Resource Assessment in India:
Monsoon Season Non-Monsoon Season
Recharge from Rainfall 251.9 BCM 36.34 BCM
Other Resources 66.49 BCM 77.13 BCM
Total GW Potential in India= 431.86 BCM
Total Natural Drainage= 39.16 BCM
Extractable GW= 392.7 BCM
GW Presently used for irrigation= 221.46 BCM
GW Presently used for domestic use= 24.87 BCM
GW Presently used for industrial use= 2.38 BCM
Total GW Utilised= 248.7 BCM
Total GW left= 173.25 BCM (for future use)
21. Stage of development of GW Resources:
(percentage of water utilize from the total GW Resources available)
Avg. National Utilization- 65.33%
STATES % of GW Utilized
Odisha 42
Delhi 119
Rajasthan 139.88
Haryana 136.91
Punjab 165.77 (over-exploitation)
Karnataka, Gujarat, Telangana, UP, HP >70 – 100
Other States <70
22. Irrigation Projects:
Large Water resources projects already completed- 5334
Large Water resources projects under construction- 411
Total Ultimate irrigation potential- 139.90Mha
Types of irrigation projects (b/o CCA):
1. Major Irrigation Projects- >10000ha
2. Medium Irrigation Projects- 2000-10000ha
3. Minor Irrigation Projects- <2000ha
Gross Command Area(GCA)- area commanded by any irri. Projects that includes buildings, etc.
Cultural Command Area(CCA)- only the land area commanded for irri. (subtract infastr.)
23. IRRIGATION PROJECTS ULTIMATE IRRI PROJECT
POTENTIAL (M ha)
IRRIGATION POTENTIAL
CREATED (M ha)
IRRIGATION POTENTIAL
UTILIZED (M ha)
Major and Medium 58.47 47.97 35.01
Minor Projects 81.43 65.56 52.91
Total 139.90 113.53 87.92
Irrigation Projects and its Potential of India:
Irrigation Projects and its Potential of Odisha:
IRRIGATION PROJECTS ULTIMATE IRRI PROJECT POTENTIAL (lakh ha) IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED (lakh ha)
Kharif (June-Sept) Rabi (rest)
Major and Medium 36 9.64 7.04
Minor projects 52 11.66 8.69
Total 88 21.3 15.73
Total= 37.03 lakh ha
24. Systems of Irrigation:
Canal irrigation- direct diversion of canal from river by putting barrages &
directing the water. Types & its flow rate:
i) Major canal- 280.4 m3/s
ii) Minor canal- 4 – 8.5 m3/s
iii) Major Distributary- 0.75 – 5.5 m3/s
iv) Minor Distributary- <750 lps
>50% of the cultivated area is irrigated through Minor Distributary
Well irrigation- tanks, lift, ponds, etc.
25. Contd…
INDIA-
Net Sown Area- 140.8 M ha
Net Irrigated Area- 65.32 M ha
Gross Cropped Area- 195.25 M ha
Gross Irrigated Area- 96.5 M ha
Food grain cropped area- 124.5 M ha & irrigated area- 49.8%
Out of irrigated area, cereals occupy- 52.3%
26. Water Budgeting-
Total Water Potential of India-
400M ha m
Total Water Resource from
Rainfall- 392M ha m
Total Water Resource from
Snowfall- 8M ha m
Total Water Resource from Other
States- 20M ha m
Fig.-https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-018-00307-y/figures/3