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Radioactivity
1.
2.
3.
•Radioactivepolution,likeanyotherkindofpollution,is thereleaseofsomethingunwantedintotheenvironment and, in this
case, the unwanted thing is radioactive material. •Radioactivepolutioncanbedefinedastheemissionof highenergyparticlesorradioactivesubstanceintoair,water orlandduetohumanactivitiesintheform ofradioactive waste
4.
• Radioactivedecayocursbecauseunstableisotopestendto transformintoamorestablestate.Radioactivityismeasuredin termsofdisintegrations,ordecays,perunitime.Commonunitsof radioactivityaretheBecquerel,equalto1decaypersecond,andthe Curie,equalto37biliondecayspersecond. Radioactivewasteisusuallytheproductofanuclearprocessuchas nuclearfission,whichisextensivelyusedinnucleareactors,nuclear weaponsandothernuclearfuel-cycles.Radioactivepollution. Radioactivewasteispreadthroughtheearth’satmosphereiscalled “Fallout”.
5.
•CosmicRadiation •TerestrialRadiation •InternalRadiation •Productionandreserchofnuclearweapons •Miningofradioactiveore •Medicalwaste •Nuclearpowerplants •Industrialradiography(X-rayimaging)
6.
7.
•Radioactivematerialsusedinthisproductionhavehigh healthrisksandreleaseasmalamountofradioactive polution. •Miningtheseinvolvescrushingand procesingofthe radioactiveoresandthisgeneratesradioactivewastewhich emitsalphaparticles
8.
• A numberofradioactiveisotopesareusedinmedicine, eitherfortreatmentordiagnostics.Thesecanbeleftto decayoverashortperiodafterwhichtheyareabletobe disposedofasnormalwaste •Nuclearpowerplantsundercurentstandardsproduce littleradioactivepolutionduetosafetyprecautionsthat mustbeadheredto.Acidentsatthesepowerplantscan causedangerouslyhighradioactivepolution,suchasinthe caseofChernobyl,andrecentlyinfukushimaofjapan.
9.
•ContinuousPollution:Thistypeofconditionexistsin uraniummines,nucleareactors,testlabsetc.wherethe humansareundercontinuousexposuretoradioactive contaminantsandprotectiveclothingisrequiredto avoidradiationexposure. •AccidentalPollution:Thistypeofconditionexists duringaccidentalexposuretoradiationsbyvirtueof equipmentfailure,radiationleak,faultyprotective equipmentetc. •OccasionalPollution:Thisconditionexistsduring isolatedexperimentortestofnuclearsubstance.
10.
Inmedicine -Radiationandradioactive substancesareusedfordiagnosis, treatment,andresearch. Incommunication -Almoderncommunicationsystemsuse formsofelectromagneticradiation. Variationsintheintensityoftheradiation representchangesinthesound,pictures,or otherinformationbeingtransmited.
11.
Inscience -Researchersuseradioactiveatomstodeterminethe ageofmaterialsthatwereoncepartofalivingorganism. Theageofsuchmaterialscanbestimatedbymeasuring theamountofradioactivecarbontheycontaininaproces caledradiocarbondating. -Environmentalscientistsuseradioactiveatoms knownastraceratomstoidentifythepathwaystakenby polutantsthroughthenvironment.
12.
• EffectonHumanbody
13.
➢OnHumanBeings • Theimpactofradioactivepolutiononhumanbeingscan varyfrommildtofatal;themagnitudeoftheadverse effectslargelydependsonthelevelanddurationof exposure to
radioactivity. Low levels of localized exposure mayonlyhaveasuperficialefectandcausemildskin iritation. • Long-termexposureorexposuretohighamountsof radiationcanhavefarmoreserioushealthefects. RadioactiverayscancauseireparabledamagetoDNA moleculesandcanleadtoalife-threateningcondition.
14.
•Therapidlygrowing/dividingcels,likethoseoftheskin,bone marrow,aremoresensitivetowardsradioactivemisions. • Ontheotherhand,celsthatdonotundergorapidcel division,suchasbonecelsandnervouscels,aren'tdamaged soeasily. • Raysfromradioactivelementcancause -burns -cancers(skincancer,lungcancer,thyroidcancer) -death -hairloss -heartfailure -candamagebraincells
15.
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19.
➢Safetymeasureshouldbenforcedstrictly ➢Leakagesfromnucleareactors,carelesshandling,transport anduseofradioactivefuels,fissionproductsandradioactive isotopeshavetobetotalystopped; ➢Regularmonitoringandquantitativeanalysisthroug h frequentsamplingintheriskareas; ➢Wastedisposalmustbecareful,eficientandefective. ➢appropriatestepshouldbetakenagainstocupational exposure. ➢Safetymeasureshouldbestrengthenedagainstnuclea r accidents ➢Preventivemeasureshouldbefolowedsothatbackgroun d
radiationlevelsdonotexceedthepermissiblelimits
20.
•Innucleareactors,closedcyclecoolantsystemwith gaseouscoolantsofveryhighpuritymaybeusedto preventextraneousactivationproducts. •Fisionreactionshouldbeminimised. •Innuclearmines,wetdrilingmaybemployedalong withundergrounddrainage. •Nuclearmedicinesandradiationtherapyshouldbe apliedwhenabsolutelynecesaryandearthminimum doses
21.
➢Overal,nuclearenergyhaseveralghastlyrisksforusandthenex t generations,andwearelivingwiththemandareresponsiblefor them.Noneofthenuclearplants,wastes,orweaponswildisapear inthisworldbecausetheyoverwhelminglyneedalongtimetobe safetydisposedof,evenifwecandisposeofthem,theyarestil aroundus,wejustcannotseeit.So,whatwecandoistodwindle theusageofnuclearpowerforthefuture.Thethirdnuclear plants(Chernobyl,ThreeMileIsland,Fukushikma)disastershould beaturningpointforus.Itisnoto lateforustochangeourgoal, althoughwehavearesponsibilityfornuclearpowerbecauseweare usingit.Irealyhopethathefuturewithoutnuclearpowerwil come.
22.
➢Fosilfuelsuchasoil,gas,anduraniumarefiniteand Non-RenewableResourcesontheearth,andglobal warminghasbecomeaseriousisueforus,wehavestarted lookingforalternativeco-friendlyenergysources. LikeAs:solar,tidal,wind,andgeothermalenergy. ➢Offshorewindfarmingwil be another good
alternative for us.
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