Soil and water interaction: Physical and chemical properties of soil and water for aquaculture

1. Soil and water interaction:
Physical and chemical properties
of soil and water for aquaculture
Submitted To:
Dr. K.H. Vadher
Associate professor
Dept. of Aquaculture
College of Fisheries, (JAU),
Veraval
Submitted By:
Krishna Jaiswal
M.F.Sc. 1st year
College of fisheries, (JAU),
Veraval

2. INTRODUCTION
 Successful aquaculture depends on providing animal with a satisfactory
environment in which to grow.
 Good initial condition for aquaculture can be assured by a selecting a site
with suitable soil and a high quality water supply.
Soil is a key factor in aquaculture. Most of the pond is built from in a soil.
 Many dissolved and suspended substances are derived from contact with soil.
 Pond soil are store house for many substance that accumulate in the pond
ecosystem and chemical and biological process occurring in the surface layer of
pond soil influences water quality and aquaculture.
 Hence an understanding of soil properties and process in soil can be useful in
pond aquaculture.

3. POND SOIL
 Material composing the bottom of streams, lake and ponds are known
as sediment, mud or soil.
 The pond bottom is originally made of terrestrial soil and when the
pond is filled with water the bottom becomes wet.
 Mixture of solid materials and with water is called ‘ ‘mud ’ ’.
 Solids settle from the pond water and cover the pond bottom is ‘
‘sediment ’ ’

4. CONT…
 Basic function of pond soil is an embankment that impound water and
forms barrier to seepage so that pond will hold the water.
 Substances continually settle from pond water into the pond bottom.
 For example - suspended solid, particles of soil and organic matter that
eroded from pond bottom and insides of levees by water current and wave
action, manure and uneaten feed from management inputs and remains of
plants and animals produced with in the pond.
 Substances also enter from solid phase of soil from the aqueous phase
through ion exchange, adsorption and precipitation.
 For example - potassium can be exchanged for other cation on the soil,
phosphorus can be adsorbed by soil and CaCO3 may precipitate from
solution and become a part of the bottom soil matrix.

5. CONT…
 Organic matter deposited on the pond bottom is decomposed to
inorganic carbon and released to the water as carbon dioxide.
 Nitrogen compound may be denitrified by pond soil microorganism and
lost to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas.
 Microbial decomposition is extremely important because organic matter
is oxidized to CO2 and ammonia and other nutrient element is released.
 Carbon dioxide and ammonia are highly soluble and quickly enter the
water.

6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Colour
4. Soil Porosity
5. Soil Colloids

7. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
1. Soil pH
2. Organic Matter
3. Calcium Carbonate
4. Soil Salinity
5. Redox Potential
6. C:N Ratio
7. Nutrients Status

8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Water Temperature
2. Turbidity
3. Water Colour
4. Light penetration

9. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Dissolved Oxygen
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. pH
4. Alkalinity
5. Hardness
6. Salinity
7. Hydrogen Sulphide
8. Redox Potential
9. Ammonia

10. REALATIONSHIP OF THE DIFFERENT PARAMETER

11. SOME IMPORTANT REACTION AND
PROCESSES CONTROLLING POND-
SOIL-WATER INTERACTION
 Dissociation: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3
-
 Precipitation: Al3+ + H2PO4 + 2H2O Al(OH)2H2PO4 +2H+
 Hydrolysis: Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3H+
 Neutralization: HCO3
- + H+ H2O + CO2
 Oxidation: NH4
+ + 2O2 NO3
- +2H+ + H2O
 Reduction: SO4
2+ + 4H2 S2- +4H2 O
 Complex Formation: Cu2+ + CO3
2- CuCO3

12. CONT…
 Adsorption: Adsorption of phosphorus on soil colloids.
 Cation Exchange: K (Soil) K+ (Water)
 Hydration: Al2O3 + 3H2O Al2O3.3H2O
 Sedimentation: Soil particles in runoff settle to pond bottom.
 Decomposition: Microorganisms break down soil organic matter.
CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O
 Photosynthesis: Benthic algae produce organic matter release oxygen.
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H6O6 + 6O2
 Diffusion : Oxygen diffuses into bottom soil from water above.
 Seepage: Water carrying dissolved substance seeps downward into the
pond soil.
 Erosion: Water current in pond erode the bottom soil.
 Suspension: Particulate matter eroded from the bottom is suspended in
pond water.

13. OPTIMUM LEVEL OF PHYSICO CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF SOILAND WATER
S. No. Properties Optimum level/Type Measurement technique
1. Soil Texture Clay loam soil By visual observation/Glassware
2. Soil pH 7 and a little above pH paper/meter
3. Soil organic matter 1.5-2.5% Gaudette et al. Method
4. Free calcium carbonate 2 - 5% -
5. Soil C:N ratio 10:1 to 15:1 -
6. Nutrient status 8:4:2 (N:P:K) Spectrophotometer/ Calorimeter/ kits
7. Water temperature 24-30OC Thermometer
8. Turbidity 30-40cm transparency Secchi disc
9. Water colour Light or bright green Spectrophotometer/visual observation
10. Dissolved oxygen 5.0mg/litre Wrinklers methods/ Multiparameter analyser kit
11. Carbon dioxide Below 5.0ppm Titrimetric method/kits
12. pH 7.5 – 8.5 pH paper/meter
13. Total alkalinity 75-300mg/litre Titrimetric method/kits
14. Total hardness 60mg/litre Titrimetric method/kits
15. Salinity Depends on water body and species Refractometer
16. Hydrogen sulphide Nil Spectrophotometer/ Calorimeter/ kits
17. Ammonia 0.02-0.05mg/litre Spectrophotometer/ Calorimeter/ kits

14. Water quality analysis by
using kit
Water quality analysis by
titration method
pH analysis by strip
Analysis of organic carbonAnalysis of soil textureGrinding of soil
WATER & SOIL QUALITY PARAMETER
ANALYSIS