Fruit Production

1. CITRUS

2. Area '000'hectares Under Different Fruits in Pakistan
113
166.2
90.1
199.4
35.6
31.3
Apple mango Dates Citrus Banana Apricot
(Anonymous, 2007-08)

3. 441.6
1753.7
557.5
2294.5
158240.2
Apple mango Dates Citrus Banana Apricot
Production'000‘tonnes by Different Fruits in Pakistan During
(Anonymous, 2007-08)

5. King (♀) Willow leaf (♂)
(Kin) (ow)
Continu..
X
Kinnow
60% of citrus production is from Kinnow mandarin
The cross made by
Dr Frost (USA)
during 1925
Introduction in Pakistan
1943-44

6. Pakistan the largest producer of Kinnow
Contributes 95 percent in world Kinnow production
(Mahmood and Sheikh, 2006)
Kinnow export:
122760 tonnes Rs. 1985.3 million
(Anonymous,2006-07)
Leading exportable fruit Commodity to
Russian States
Iran
Gulf States
Stiff competition: High quality standards

7. Major Citrus growing areas in Pakistan
Punjab:
Distt. Sargodha, Sahiwal, Lahore, Sialkot, Jhang, Mianwali, Multan, Gujranwala
KPK:
Mardan, Peshawer, Swat, Swabi, Noshera, Hazzara
Sind:
Sukkur, Khairpur, Nawabshah
Baluchistan: Mekran, Sibi and Kech.

8. Botany: Flowering
• Flowering produced on woody twigs of previous year’s spring flush
• May be on younger, summer flush twigs
• Inflorescence is cymose: Terminal flower initiated first and lateral
axillary flower later
• Date and duration of bloom depend upon temperature
• Warmer weather brings opening of flower within few days resulting in
concentrated wave bloom, petal fall and fruit set

9. Flower chracteristics
• Mostly hermaphrodite
• In grapefruit staminate flowers in
addition to hermaphrodite
present
• Petal colour white although pink
colored flower in pummelo

10. Fruit characteristics
• Fruit is special type of berry ‘hesperidium’
• A small secondary fruit (navel) present at styler end
• Fruit composed of
• Pericarp (Peel or Rind)
• Endocarp: edible part of fruit (pulp)
• Peel has two distinctive layers:
• Coloured portion is epicarp (Flavedo)
• Internal, whiter layer is mesocarp (Albedo)

11. Fruit development
• Cell division (Stage I)
• Cell enlargement (Stage II)
• Fruit maturation (Stage III)

12. Classification of citrus
Citrus
Citrus Fortunella Poncirus
Family: Rutaceae Sub family: Aurantioideae, Tribe: Citreae

13. Poncirus sp.
• Poncirus trifoliate
• Rootstock
• Deciduous tree
• Trifoliate leaves

14. Fortunella Sp.
• Kumquats
• Naghmi (Oval Kumquat)
• Mewa (Round Kumquat)

15. Citrus sp.
• Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
• Sour orange (Citrus aurantium)
• Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)
• Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
• Lemons (Citrus limon)
• Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)
• Sweet lime (Citrus limettioiedes)
• Pummelo or Shaddock (Citrus grandis)

16. Sweet Orange Subdivision
1. Common Oranges (Blond Oranges)
• Shamouti, Valencia Late, Pera, Hamlin, Pineapple, Musambi
2. Navel Oranges
• Washington Navel, Lane Late, Navelate
3. Pigmented Oranges
• Blood Red, Moro, Sanguinelli
4. Acidless or Sugar Oranges
• Succari
5. Seedless Oranges
• Salustiana, Tarocco
Navel Oranges
Moro

17. Salustiana
Tarocco

18. Mandarin Subdivision
1. Satsuma mandarin
2. Mediterranean mandarin
3. King mandarin
4. Common mandarin
5. Small fruited mandarin
• Kinnow
• Fuetrell’s Early
• Nagpuri Sangtra

19. Grapefruit
1. Seedy
• Red Blush, Shamber, Rio Red, Star Ruby, Flame
2. Seedless
• Marsh Seedless

20. Lemons
• Eureka Lemon
• Femminello
• Lisbon Lemon

21. Limes
• Kaghezi Lime
• Tahiti Lime

22. Major citrus growing varieties of Pakistan
Punjab:
Distt. Sargodha, Sahiwal, Lahore, Sialkot, Jhang, Minwali, Multan,
Gujranwala
NWFP:
Mardan, Peshawer, Swat, Swabi, Noshera, Hazzara
Sind:
Sukkur, Khairpur, Nawabshah
Baluchistan: Mekran, Sibi and Kech.
Sweet
Orange:
Succri,. Mausami, Washington Navel, Jaffa, Red Blood, Ruby Red and
Valencia Late.
Mandarines: Feutrells Early and Kinnow
Grape Fruit: Mash Seedless, Duncan, Foster and Shamber
Lemon: Eureka, Lisbon Lemon and rough Lemon
Lime: Kaghzi Lime and Sweet Lime

24. Climate
• Commercially produces at 1500-2500 feet above sea
• Subtropical fruit
• Most appropriate for regions having no rainfall during fruit maturity
• Temperature 27-35°C
• Withstand small period of cold weather however long spell of cold
weather affects its fruit yield and quality
• Mandarin need

25. Commercial Rootstock
• In Punjab
• Rough lemon (Jatti Khatti)
• In KPK
• Sour orange (Kharna
Khatta)

26. FLOW CHART OF KINNOW

27. PRE-HARVEST FACTORS
Physiological disorders:
• Potassium deficiency resulting in poor growth.
• Calcium deficiency reduces citrus fruit color.
High temperature stress:
• High temperature stress effect damage to cellular membranes, proteins,
and nucleic acids.
Light intensity:
• Excess solar energy initially results in degradation of the pigmentation in
the affected area.

28. MATURITY ASSESMENT
• Fruit colour:
Golden orange
• Flesh colour
Pale yellow or whitish
• TSS/acid ratio
8 or higher with yellow-orange color at least on 25% of the fruit surface
OR
10 or higher and green-yellow color on 25% or greater of the fruit
surface.

29. Quality Indices
• Color intensity and uniformity
• Firmness, size, shape, smoothness
• freedom from defects including physical damage (abrasions and
bruising), skin blemishes and discoloration, decay, freezing damage,
chilling injury, and insect damage
• Flavor quality is related to soluble solids/acid ratio and absence of off-
flavor-causing compounds including fermentative metabolites.

30. HARVESTING METHOD
• Fruits are harvested by clipping the
stem with the help of sharp clippers
• The stem is cut as short as possible
to avoid mechanical injury.

31. PACKING
• Jute bag
• Wooden boxes
• Cardboard boxes

32. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Dumping Washing Surface Drying
Waxing and Fungicide
Application
Surface Drying Surface Drying

33. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Stamping Individual Fruits Volumetric Sizer Machine Vision (Electronic) Sizer
Sorted Under UV Light to Eliminate Defects Sorting Into Quality Grades Sorting By Quality

34. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Fruit Destined For Juice Plant Hand Packing
Citrus Fruits
Pattern Packer -1

35. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Pattern Packer -2 Packing Into Consumer Bags

36. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Packed Boxes May Be Slightly Vibrated to
Settle Fruits With the Box
Palletized Boxes In Storage Room

37. POSTHARVEST HANDLING
Storage Temperature:
• 3-8 ° C up to 3 months depending on cultivar, ripeness of the harvest
and production area.
• Optimum relative humidity: 90-95%.
Responses to Controlled Atmospheres (CA)
• 5-10% O2 and 0-5% CO2 can be useful for delaying senescence and
for firmness.
• Ethylene production rate: <0.1 mL / kg • hr at 20 ° C.
• The fruit can be stored in cold storage at a temperature of 4-5°C and
a relative humidity of 85-90%.
• Exposure to 1-10ppm ethylene for 1-3 days at 20-30°C (68-86°F)
may be used for degreening oranges

38. • Chilling injury
• Stem-end rind breakdown
• Rind staining.
• Oil spotting (Oleocellosis)
Physiological disorders

39. Chilling injury Stem-end rind breakdown
Physiological disorders

40. Physiological disorders
Rind staining.Oil spotting (Oleocellosis)

41. Postharvest diseases
• Green mold
• Blue mold
• Phomopsis stem-end rot
• Stem end rot
• Brown rot
• Sour rot

42. Green mold Blue mold
Postharvest diseases

43. Brown rot Phomopsis stem-end rot
Postharvest diseases

44. Sour rot Stem end rot
Postharvest diseases

45. Control Strategies
• Minimizing physical damage during harvesting and handling.
• Treatment with postharvest fungicides and/or biological antagonists.
Also, heat treatments may be used.
• Prompt cooling and subsequent maintenance of optimum temperature
and relative humidity throughout marketing operations.
• Removal and/or exclusion of ethylene.
• Effective sanitation procedures throughout postharvest handling.