This presentation is on minerals.

1. Invention Activity on
Mineral

2. OBJECTIVES:
• Classify common objects as either minerals or non-minerals
• Justify classifications based on an object’s characteristics
• Define mineral

3. Invention Activity (15 mins.)
• Group yourselves into three.
• Identify the following objects as either mineral or non-
mineral.
• Use your observations and current conceptions of minerals to
make and justify their classifications.
• Present your output to the class.

4. QUARTZ
GLASS
WOOD
GRANITE
COPPER
PLASTIC
ICE
WATER

5. GROUP PRESENTATION
(1-2 MINUTES)

6. Earth and Life Science
MINERALS
Ms. Juls Pitlongay

7. OBJECTIVES
• Minerals and its Properties
• Mineral Groups
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:
1. Identify the examples of minerals based
on their characteristics
2. Differentiate minerals based on their
properties
3. Develop awareness on the importance of
minerals around us

8. MINERAL
• A naturally occurring (not man-made or machine
generated), inorganic (not by-product of living things) solid
with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition.
• The basic building blocks of rocks.

9. Characteristics of Minerals
1. A MINERAL IS NATURALLY-
OCCURRING.
• A mineral should be naturally-occurring
with respect to its formation.
• It should be made by natural processes
without the aid of any organism.
• Any material that is formed in
laboratories or artificial conditions is not
considered a mineral.

10. 2. A MINERAL IS INORGANIC.
• It is formed by inorganic processes and does
not contain any organic compound.
• The process to produce a mineral by natural
means is extended further by making sure
that no organic material (or what was once
part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
• This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and
other hard parts of an organism are not
minerals.
Characteristics of Minerals

11. 3. A MINERAL IS A HOMOGENOUS SOLID
• We should be able to see something that is
uniform in appearance and is in the solid state
of matter.
• A mineral should exhibit stability at room
temperature, which can only be attained if it is
solid.
• This characteristic of mineral is very
important especially when dealing with
materials in other states such as liquids and
Characteristics of Minerals

12. 4. A MINERAL HAS A DEFINITE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
• Most minerals are chemical compounds and
can therefore be represented using a fixed or
variable chemical formula.
• Example: a mineral with a fixed chemical
formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that
the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom
and two oxygen atoms.
Characteristics of Minerals

13. 5. A MINERAL HAS AN ORDERED
INTERNAL/CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
• Minerals look like crystals since the
arrangement of their atoms is ordered and
repetitive.
• Atoms of minerals are arranged in an
orderly and repeating pattern.
• NOTE: knowing whether a material is
crystalline or not would require
sophisticated methods such as involving
the use of X-rays.
Characteristics of Minerals

16. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1. LUSTER
• it is the quality and intensity of reflected light
exhibited by the mineral.
• It can be:
A. Metallic – generally opaque and exhibit a
resplendent shine similar to a polished metal.
B. Non-metallic – vitreous (glassy), adamantine
(brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly,
dull (earthy), greasy, among others.

19. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
luster cont.
• A mineral’s ability to transmit light determines
whether it is opaque, translucent or transparent.
• OPAQUE – when the light that strikes object
does not pass through
• TRANSLUCENT – when light strikes the object
some pass through, some don’t
• TRANSPARENT – when light strikes and almost
all the light will completely pass through

21. 2. HARDNESS
• It is a measure of the resistance of a mineral
(not specifically surface) to abrasion.
• The Mohs Scale of Hardness measures the
scratch resistance of various minerals from a
scale of 1 to 10, based on the ability of a harder
material/mineral to scratch a softer one. Talc is
the softest mineral and Diamond the hardest
mineral.
• It is designed by German geologist/mineralogist
Friedrich Mohs in 1812.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

23. TALC
GYPSUM CALCITE
FLUORITE
APATITE
ORTHOCLASE
QUARTZ
TOPAZ
CORUNDUM DIAMOND
MOH’S
HARDNESS

24. 3. CRYSTAL FORM/HABIT
• The external shape of a crystal or groups of crystals
is displayed/observed as these crystals grow in open
spaces.
• The form reflects the supposedly internal structure
(of atoms and ions) of the crystal (mineral).
• It is the natural shape of the mineral before the
development of any cleavage or fracture.
• Prismatic, tabular, bladed, platy, reniform and
equant
• A mineral that do not have a crystal structure is
described as amorphous.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

26. PRISMATIC
TABULAR
BLADED
PLATY
RENIFORM EQUANT

27. 4. COLOR AND STREAK
• A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar
colors. Individual minerals can also display a
variety of colors resulting from impurities and
also from some geologic processes like weathering.
• Examples: quartz can be pink (rose quartz),
purple (amethyst), orange (citrine), white
(colorless quartz)
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

28. Azurite and Malachite

29. Beryl, Quartz and Garnet

30. color and streak cont.
• Streak is the mineral’s color in powdered form. It
is inherent in almost every mineral, and is a more
diagnostic property compared to color. Note that
the color of a mineral can be different from its
streak.
• Examples: pyrite exhibits gold color but has a
black or dark gray streak.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

32. 5. CLEAVAGE
• The property of some minerals to break along
specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat
surfaces.
• Cleavage is different from habit, the two are
distinct, unrelated properties. Cleavage,
meanwhile, is the weak plane that developed
after the crystal is formed.
• When minerals break evenly in more than one
direction, cleavage is described by the number of
cleavage directions, the angles at which they
meet, and the quality of cleavage.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

34. 6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• The ratio of the density of the mineral and the
density of water.
• This parameter indicates how many times more
the mineral weighs compared to an equal
amount of water.
• For example, a bucket of silver would weigh ten
times more than a bucket of water.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

36. DO YOU THINK MINERALS CAN BE
GROUPED TOGETHER?

37. Classification of Minerals based on
chemical compositions
1. Silicates – minerals containing the two most abundant
elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and oxygen.
2. Oxides – minerals composed of oxygen anion combined with one
or more metal ions.
3. Sulfates – minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the form of
the sulfate anion
4. Sulfides – minerals containing sulfur and a metal; some sulfides
are sources of economically important metals such as copper,
lead and zinc.
5. Carbonates – minerals containing the carbonate anion combine
with other elements
6. Halides – minerals containing halogen elements combined with
one or more metals.

38. Classification of minerals based on chemical composition cont.
7. NATIVE ELEMENTS.
• Metals and Intermetals – minerals with high thermal and
electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster, low
hardness (gold, lead)
• Semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals
and have lower conductivity (arsenic, bismuth)
• Nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond)

39. SILICATE, OXIDE, SULFATE