Class report

1. Renaissance
and
ReformationBy: Ailah May Parinas
Yunjin Lee
Panumas Prayuetdam
Sahasawas Yap

2. 1. Renaissance and Italy
2. Humanism
3. Influence of the Renaissance
4. The Protestant Reformation
5. Catholic Counter-Reformation
6. Aftermath of the Reformation

3. 1
Renaissance
and Italy

4. INTRODUCTION
 A “Renaissance person” is someone who is knowledgeable
in many things.
 The Renaissance was a knowledge revolution.
 14th to 16th century
 “Il Risorgimento” in Italian, means “rebirth” or
“reawakening”.
 Considered as a time when people were worldly and
materialistic.
 This era was the debut of the modern world.

5. We will answer the
following questions:
 How the Renaissance improved
the world
 Why Italy gave birth to the
Renaissance

6. How did the Renaissance
improve the world?
The Renaissance ended the Dark Ages
and opened a more progressive era in
Europe.
People changed their focus from religion
and blind faith to humanism and
personal interests.

7. Why Italy gave birth
to the Renaissance
Renaissance began in the Southern Italian city states.
 Italian city states (Venice, Florence, Genoa etc.)
were full of newly rich merchants and bankers by
the East-West trade.
 They became patrons of the arts and letters to
show off their wealth.
 Italians were the ancient Romans in blood and
language.

8.  Universities in Italy had law and medicine.
It helped prepare Italy for the
Renaissance.
 The intellectual atmosphere in the city-
states of Italy was freer than in the cities
of other European countries.
 Valuable translations were found in the
Islamic centers in Italy. “La convivencia”
(living together) provided a different
approach in life.

9. 2
Humanism

10. INTRODUCTION
 Began in the Italian city-states.
 “Humanism” is the interest in human values and
achievements, and the appreciation of classical Greek
and Roman culture.
 Does not reject Christianity but rejects the idea that
religion is the most important interest.
 They turned to human interests. It extolled the glories of
man, not the spiritual glories of God.
 “An unexamined life is not worth living.”

11. We will answer the
following questions:
Who popularized and spread
humanism in Europe
The profound influence of humanism

12. Who popularized and spread
humanism in Europe
All rich and famous people became
humanists, even popes.
Pope Pius II, a patron of humanism and a
humanist scholar, was elected to the papacy.
Most famous of the Italian humanists were
Lorenzo, Francesco, Giovanni and
Niccolo.

13. Pope Pius II

14. Lorenzo de Medici
(1449-92)
 Lorenzo “il Magnifico” was a diplomat, politician and patron
of the arts.
 Founded the Laurentian Library in France
 Two of his sons became powerful popes
 The Medicis were the ruling family of Florence, where the
Renaissance first flourished.
 Had good relations with the Ottoman sultan.
 After his death, the center of the Renaissance moved to
Rome.

15. Lorenzo de Medici

16. Francesco Petrarch
(1304-74)
 Father of Humanism, best known humanist
 Devoted his life to literature and classical studies.
 Pioneered in writing romantic sonnets to a women he loved
(Laura).
 Romantic sonnets were risky because it had never been
done before.
 Soon, others like Shakespeare, Spencer and Milton wrote
love sonnets, too.

17. Francesco Petratch and Laura

18. Giovanni Boccacio
(1313-75)
 “The Storyteller”
 Illegitimate son of a a rich Florentine merchant and a
French noblewoman.
 Became a friend of Petrarch, who inspired him.
 Best known work was the “Demaceron” (Ten Nights)
 This book consists of 100 stories recounted on 10 nights
by 10 young men and women who fled Florence during a
plague.

19. Boccacio

20. Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
 Spent his youth in troubled times because Italy was then
the battleground of the French and Spanish monarchs.
 Studied the governments of other nations and foreign
monarchs.
 Best work was “The Prince”. (in honor of Lorenzo)
 The book changed political philosophy and modern
political science.
 According to him, it was alright for a leader to be
ruthless. To be successful, he must be cunning, cruel and
dishonest to gain his power.
 Today, an unscrupulous politician is called “Machiavellian”.

21. Niccolo Machiavelli

22. Desiderius Erasmus
(1466-1536)
 His writings were in various languages and spread
humanism.
 For his humanist achievements, he was given high
honors by King Henry VII, Popes Julius II and Leo
X.
 Best known work is “In Praise of Folly”.
 The book ridiculed the follies of society and the
Church. It contributed to the Protestant
Reformation.

23. Erasmus

24. Thomas More
(1428-1535)
 Popularized humanism in England
 Greatest work was “Utopia”.
 The book was a story of an ideal socialist state without
the Church.
 Chancellor of England, encouraged he studies of the
humanities at Oxford.
 He was made a Catholic saint because he disapproved of
the King’s divorce.

25. Thomas More

26. Francis Bacon (1561-
1623)
 Greatest of all Renaissance philosophers.
 Lord Chancellor of England
 His works are “Novum Organum” and “The Advancement
of Learning”.
 Main contribution to knowledge was the reintroduction of
the Greek inductive method of thinking.
 Believed that direct observation of nature was key to
knowledge and not doctrines of faith.

27. Francis Bacon

28. Influence Of Humanism
Humanist Education
 Changed school’s curriculum by giving more emphasis to
the study of humanities, rather than theology.
The Renaissance Man and Woman
 Renaissance education stressed the ideal of a well-rounded
or universal man.
 “The Courtier”, the book portrayed a perfect gentleman with
the combined qualities of a warrior, a scholar, and
knowledgeable in art, poetry and music.
 Example of a Renaissance man and woman is Dr. Jose Rizal
and Isabelle d’Este.

29. Rise Of Libraries
 The humanities movement inspired people to build
libraries.
 Some Renaissance libraries still exists, such as the
Laurentian in Florence.
Renaissance Art and Architecture
 3 greatest painters were the Italians, starting with
Leonardo de Vinci.
 Two famous paintings were “The Last Supper” and
“Mona Lisa”.

30.  Michelangelo Buonarotti is considered as the most
famous sculptor.
 Statue of David was one of his masterpieces in sculpture
and his greatest sculptural work is “La Pieta”, a touching
scene after the crucifixion.
 Commissioned by the pope to paint his private castle’s
Sistine Chapel.
 Raphael, the youngest, was the greatest painter of the
Renaissance. Called “the perfect painter”.
 Masterpiece was “Sistine Madonna”. Was considered the
greatest painting.
 Renaissance architecture replaced the Gothic style with
Romanesque rounded arches and the Hellenic columns.

31. Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
by Leonardo de Vinci

32. Artworks of
Michelangelo
The Sistine Chapel
David
La Pieta

33. Artwork of
Raphael
Sistine
Madonna

34. Architecture

35. Renaissance Music
Introduced the written notes for
songs.
Started a new era in music.

36. First Lady of The Renaissance
Isabella d’Este
 Isabella was the wife of Francesco Gonzago, Duke of Mantua. He had gone to war and
left his wife in charge of their Italian city-state. She was called “la prima donna del
mondo” (first lady of the world) because of her wisdom and political skill.
 She was a daughter of a noble family, developed a love of poetry. She also learned the
female skills of singing, dancing, playing the flute and embroidery.
 While raising her 9 children, she devoted herself into making Mantua a center of
Renaissance culture.
 Was a generous patron but strict. “You can paint anything you like, a long as it is not
ugly, because if it is, you will have to paint it again at your own expence.”
 When her husband was captured in war, Isabella helped win his release.
 Proved that she understood art, politics, love, war and raising children.
 She was a versatile Renaissance person.

37. Isabella D’Este
by: Leonardo Da Vinci

38. 3
Influence of the
Renaissance

39. How the Renaissance
improved life
Gadgets
 The compass, invented by the Chinese was used by European
mariners. Enabled them to sail without getting lost.
 Astrolabe of the Arabs enabled mariners to find their position at
sea.
 Chinese gunpowder was used in a way that the Chinese never
intended. Thousands were killed and shot during the Hundred
Years’ War.
 Feudalism and knights vanished.
 Artillery Cannons
 Paper from pulp fibers

40. Greatest Invention of the
Renaissance
 The greatest invention was the movable
block printing. (from China)
 Johann Gutenberg reinvented painting for
the Europeans.
 First book printed was the “Gutenberg
Bible”.
 It caused an explosion of knowledge.

41. Effect of the Renaissance
 It shifted the balance of power from the East to the West.
 Enriched world civilization in the arts, philosophy, literature
and education.
 Inspired the freedom of individuals, to not simply accept
that everything is “the will of God”.
 Contributed to geographical and maritime discoveries.
 Fostered the growth of patriotism thus empowering
kingdoms that later became world empires. (Spain,
Portugal, England and France)
 Paved the way for religious freedom through the
Reformation.

42. 4
The
Protestant
Reformation

43. We will answer the following
questions:
 Why the Reformation transformed
the church, the state, and the world
 How the Roman Church was
weakened
 How the Bible became central to
the reformation of Christianity
 Who led the Reformation
 How the Reformation improved the
world

44. Why the Reformation
transformed the church, the
state, and the world
The Reformation was a Triple Transformation
 It was a triple transformation – for the church, the
state and the world.
 It was a religious declaration of independence by
Martin Luther.
 It gave political opportunity for kings to gain freedom
from the control of the Church
 It was a spiritual awakening that reformed the Church

45. How the Roman Church
was weakened
Both the Renaissance and the Reformation came
between a period of the decline of the society.
It had been weakened by many factors:
 The Black Plague
 Failure of the Crusades
 Political unrest
 Economic troubles
 Abuses and scandals within the Church itself
 Great Schism that led to 2 popes

46. The Black Death
The terrifying plague caused death to break
out “everywhere the sun goes”.
The Black Plague came across Asia, as
people fled on ships across the
Mediterranean from the Mongol invasions.
Hundreds of thousands died because nobody
knew a cure.
It wiped out about one-third of the people in
Europe, millions of lives. Europe did not fully
recover for over 100 years.

47. Another Great Schism in
the Catholic Church
 During the social and economic troubles,
the leadership of the Church weakened.
Monarchs and reformers challenged its
authority.
 In 1294, King Philip IV of France
kidnapped the pope over a dispute on
taxes. He caused a French pope to be
elected. The new pope moved the papacy
to Avignon. The French King made a
puppet of the popes.

48.  In 1378, two popes were elected in the
Church, one in Avignon, and another in
Rome. Another Great Schism split the
Church. The church council settled the
crisis in 1417 when they persuaded the
French king to accept the new Italian pope
in Rome.
The Church image was tarnished forever.
Many Christians were shocked at the
spectacle of two popes.
The Church also lost its political supremacy.
In England, the king declared he would no
longer pay anything to the popes.

49. Forerunners of Reformation
There were many critics who denounced the
evils in the Church.
These evils included:
 The vast wealth and luxury of the Church
 The sale of Church offices to unworthy
prelates
 The scandalous immoralities and
extravagance of the clergy.
 Church doctrines which were contrary to
Christ’s teachings.

50. How the Bible became central
to the Reformation of
Christianity
Many reformers prepared the way for Reformation,
but they died before they could see their vindication.
Jon Wycliffe advocated the use of the Bible as the
sole guide to man’s salvation. He translated the Latin
Bible into English for the benefit of the common
people, but did not see it printed. He was burned at
the stake.
William Tyndale printed a widely circulated Bible
translation. For this illegal act, he was condemned.
He was also burned at the stake.

51. Jan Hus preached the ideas of Wycliffe in
his area and he too, was burned at the
stake.
A century later “King James Bible” was
published. It was based on Tyndale and
Wycliffe’s work. It took Christianity into the
New World of America.

53. Savonarola
 Italian Dominican monk of Florence
 Denounced the corruption of society and the luxury of
the clergy and nobles.
 He drove away the ruling Medici family and established
the Republic Of Florence.
 Shortly afterwards, the people lost faith in his puritanical
teachings.
 Hanged as a heretic in 1498.

54. Who led the Reformation
Luther, the Most Successful
Reformer
 The Protestant revolution succeeded through a
German Augustinian monk named Martin Luther
(1483-1546).
 He was spiritually troubled and began to doubt the
Church’s teaching on salvation.
 He claimed that the authority of the Bible and a
person’s conscience outweighed the authority of
any church.
 “Sola Scriptura, sola gracia,” (Only the Bible, only
grace) was his slogan.

56.  Luther and other devout priests were deeply
offended by the abuses and corruption in the
Catholic Church. Their lifestyles had become
extravagant and immoral.
 Luther was most bothered by the sale of
indulgences of the Church.
An indulgence promises a soul to reduce time in
purgatory or go straight to heaven. They grant
indulgence in exchange for a pious deed or a sum of
money.
 Rumors came to Luther that John Tetzel, was going
around selling indulgences to the people and
promising forgiveness of their sins by encouraging
them to throw coins to into the offering.

57. On October 31, 1517, Luther went to the door of his
church in Wittenberg and nailed 95 pieces of paper
attacking the selling of indulgences.
His “95 theses” attracted public attention and he was
now at war with Rome.
Alarmed, Pope Leo X issued a papal order for Luther
to recant his ideas, or be excommunicated. He
burned the order to the cheers of a large crowd in
Wittenberg.
In August 1520, he issued a pamphlet urging the
German nobles to stop all payment to Rome and take
over the Church.
In the second pamphlet, he called for a return to the
bible and a personal relationship with God.

58. Luther’s Defiance of the Pope
and Emperor
Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. The Holy Roman Emperor,
Charles I of Spain, faced the difficult task of arresting and
executing Luther.
But he dreaded war with the powerful nobles and tried a
peaceful settlement first.
Luther was protected by one hundred German nobles and
knights and he agreed to appear before the Emperor and the
Catholic scholars at the parliament.
Emperor Charles offered Luther one last chance to recant his
ideas but Luther refused and stood firm.
He was proclaimed a heretic and an outlaw. To protect Luther,
some knights placed him under the protection of Frederick the
Wise, the noble in Saxony.

59. He is remembered as the
founder of the Lutheran
denomination and the
Father of Protestant
Reformation.

60. The Peasants’ War
 The poor peasants took advantage of the
Protestant cause to revolt against their feudal
lords. They killed nobles and priests, and destroyed
and looted churches and castles.
 The revolt was easily suppressed by the feudal
lords.
 50,000 lives lost
 Catholics blamed Luther because they claimed it
was his teaching that inspired the peasants to
revolt.

61. The Spread of Protestant
Ideas
 By Luther’s death, about half of the Holy Roman
Empire adopted the new Christian faith.
 The German princes supported Luther because
they was their independence from the pope.
 When the emperor forced the German prince to
remain loyal to the pope, they protested. Thus
they became known as Protestants.

62.  The Swiss cantons were split on the
question of religion and civil war broke
out. Zwingli headed the Swiss Protestant
forces that attacked the Catholic cantons.
 He lost and was killed in battle.
 The tradition of Swiss guards as personal
bodyguards of the Pope today comes from
this era.

63. Presbyterianism
 A Swiss reformer, John Calvin, fled from religious
persecution in France.
 He settled in Geneva and established a union of
church and state to reform the previous corrupt
society.
 Preached a new doctrine of predestination, each
person before his birth has been predestined to
live either within or outside the grace of God.
 John Knox, a disciple of Calvin carried Calvin to
Scotland where it became knows as
“Presbyterianism”.

64. 5
Catholic
Counter-
Reformation

65. The movement to reform
the Catholic Church and
fight the Protestants
became the Catholic
Reformation, “Catholic-
Counter Reformation”.

66. To stop the loss of members, the
papacy and its advisers took action:
The Council of Trent
The Inquisition
The Society of Jesus
The exploration of overseas lands to
convert new members

67. The Council of Trent
(1545-63)
 Because of this new meeting, the Catholic Church ended
many abuses that Luther and other Protestant reformers
had criticized.
Among the decisions were:
1. It recognized the Roman pope as the infallible head of
the Church.
2. It condemned the Protestant claim that the Bible is the
only guide to man’s salvation.
3. Reaffirmed the validity of the sacraments, the veneration
of saints and other Catholic dogmas.
4. Prescribed high standards of conduct for the clergy.
5. Authorized the pope to publish the index list of books
forbidden for Catholics to read.

68. The Inquisition
 The violent persecution of suspected heretics by
the Catholic Church.
 Called inquisition because it was a secret trial of
suspected heretics who were arrested and
punished with torture.
 It was activated during the Reformation to
suppress heresy. It committed many atrocious acts
such as the burning at the stake.
 The Protestants were also guilty of these.

69. The Society of Jesus
 Ignatius Loyola founded the religious
order of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus),
priests that brought reforms within the
Catholic Church itself.
 Combined spirituality with military
discipline.
 Jesuit priests vowed complete obedience
to the pope.
 Became the new crusaders

70.  Persuaded and forced Protestants to come
back to the Catholic Church.
 Travelled to new lands and won many new
converts.
 Exerted great influence in politics by
acting as advisers and father confessors to
kings and queens.

71. Catholics Begin the Greatest
Missionary Venture in History
 To replace the souls they lost to the Protestants, they
began the greatest missionary venture—to bring the
Gospel to the ends of the earth.
 Succeeded in winning millions of new converts
 They travelled with exploration ship to faraway lands in
Asia.
 The Protestants had won the battles of the Reformation
but the Catholics won the war for souls.
 Today, Roman Catholic is the largest denomination of
Christianity.

72. Differences between the
Catholics and the Protestants
Catholics Protestants
United under one supreme
head, the Pope.
Different independent church
dominations such as
Lutherans, Calvinists,
Presbyterians, etc.
One hierarchy, liturgy and
doctrine.
Sects are national or local,
with different leaders and
doctrines.
Does not allow their clergy to
marry.
Pastors can marry and have
families.
Accepts the papa authority, the
monastic system, veneration of
relics and saints.
Only accepts some of them.
Believe that the Pope and
tradition supplement the bible.
Believes in the bible alone.

73. 6
Aftermath of
the
Reformation

74. Results of the Reformation
1. Ended the absolute power of the Church over
European kings.
2. Introduced the idea of religious freedom.
3. New Christian branches were founded, Lutherans
Calvinists and Presbyterians.
4. Encouraged the Age Of Exploration to spread
Christianity to the ends of the earth.
5. Started a spiritual revival in Christianity.
6. Improved Christianity by exposing the abuses of
the clergy, wrong doctrines and the need for
personal salvation.
7. Destroyed the unity of the West. Europe is divided
into Catholic Europe and Protestant Europe until
today.
8. Religious divisions ignited bitter wars in Europe.

75. The Age of Religious Wars
(1547-1648)
 Bloody armed conflicts between the
Catholics and Protestants.
 Lasted for almost a century.
 The Protestants won.
 The Protestants won their independence
from the Pope and their respective kings,
and the right to determine their own
religion.

76. THE
END!