Part 1 showcases the Golden Era of the Muslims,the qualities and character of the best generation of Muslims (The beloved companions), their social and welfare system, advancements in education and technology and much more.

1. The Rise and
Fall of the
Muslims

2. Part I
The Golden Era of The
Muslims
7 th Century – 15 th Century
ِ ُ‫كُرْ فوُ ُرْ ْعَ ُرْ ْعَ فوُ ساّ ُأ ٍ فوُ ُرْ ِ ْعَ ُرْ لنلساّ ِ ْعَ فوُ فوُ ْعَ ِ ُرْ ْعَ ُرْ فو‬
‫فوَُنتم خير أمة أخرجت ِ َنلاس تأُرْمرفون بلالمعرفوف‬
‫ْعَتُرْ ْعَ ُرْ ْعَ ْعَ ِ ُرْمُرْ ْعَ ِ ْعَ فوُ ُرْمفوُ ْعَ ِ ساّ ْعَْعَ ُرْ ْعَ ْعَ ْعَ ُرْ فوُ ُرْ ِ ْعَ ب‬
ِ ‫فو ْعََنهون عن ال فوَُنكر فوتؤ َِنون بلاَلل فولو آمن أهل الكتلا‬
ِ
َ‫ْعَ ْعَ ْعَ ْعَ ُرْ اً ْعَ فوُ ُرْ مُرْ فوُ فوُ ُرْ فوُ ُرْمفوُ ْعَ ْعَْعَ ُرْ ْعَ فوُ فوُ فوُ ُرْ ْعَ ِ فوُ ْع‬
‫لكلان خيرا لهم َِنهم المؤ َِنون فوأكثرهم الفلاسقون‬
Ye are the best of peoples, evolved for mankind, enjoining what is
right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing in Allah. If only the
People of the Book had faith, it were best for them: among them are
some who have faith, but most of them are perverted transgressors.
Ale Imran: 110

3. Qualities & Character of the
Early Muslims
‫إَني الذيني أتوتاو اي العلمي مني قبلهي إذ اي يتل ىي عليي ْهمي‬
ْ ‫ْمِ ِذّ ِذّ ْمِ ْيَ تُ تُ ي ْ ْمِ ي ْ ْيَ ْمِ ي ْ ْيَ ي ْ ْمِ ْمِ ْمِ ْيَ تُ ي ْ ْيَ ْيَ ْيَ ْمِ ي‬
‫يخُرتوَني لألذقناَني سَجد ا‬
ً‫ا‬뒡 ّ‫ْيَ ْمِ َنوّ ْيَ ْمِ ي ْ ْيَ ْمِ تُ ِذ‬
Indeed, those who were given knowledge before it - when it is
recited to them, they fall upon their faces in prostration,
Al-Isra :107

4. 

How Many Muslims ?
Hundred Forty thousand Companions participated in the farewell pilgrimage.
The Muslim Empire expanded greatly and spread far and wide.

5. Holding to Quran Sunnah
During the Khilafat e Rashida:

The criterion for being the member of Majlis e shora was being a
scholar / hafiz of Quran.

Selection of governmental posts was based on ability and PIETY.

Scholars of Quran were sent regularly to different cities to teach.

Emaan, Taqwa, sincerity, honesty, truthfulness, contentment,
patience were the must qualities of Muslim rulers, governors and
other government workers.
The Citizens under them also displayed the same qualities.
[Fazail e Quran majeed by Iqbal Keelani]


6. Fear of Allah - Taqwa

Umar Farooq (r) used to patrol the streets himself
every night checking the conditions of his
subjects– this was only due to the responsibility
and sense of accountability for each and every
need of his subjects.

Umar bin Abdul Aziz used to cry with the sheer
fear of answerability to Allah due to the burden
and responsibility of caliphate.

7. Simple lives of the Muslims their
Rulers
Abu Bakr (ra) before his death refunded to the state treasury the
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total allowance he had drawn during his caliphate.
Umar Farooq (ra) as a Caliph lived on simple patched clothes and
coarse food. He sometimes only had one outfit which he had to
wash and wait to dry before he could come out of his house.
For a long time he took nothing as an allowance from the public
treasury – which eventually led to starvation. Two meals per day
from the treasury were then allocated for him.
He entered Jerusalem as a victor wearing patched clothes guiding
his horse while his slave sat on the horse.
Umar Bin Abdul Aziz when he became the Caliph, refused to use
the horse of the previous caliph instead preferred to continue
using his own mule.
A person once visited Umar Bin Abdul aziz while he was sick and
saw him wearing an unclean shirt. When he inquired why, Umar’s
wife told him that this was his only shirt.
Umar Bin Abdul Aziz used to have lentils everyday for lunch.

8. Remarkable Justice of the
Early Muslims

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Umar Farooq (ra) never appointed as governors those
who eagerly sought the post.
He removed them from governorship if their living
standard increased after becoming governors.
He made himself and his governors available to the
public during the Hajj season so the grievances and
complains of the people could be dealt with
immediately.
Once the son of the governor of Egypt whipped an
Egyptian man. The Egyptian came to Umar to complain.
Umar (ra) called the governor and his son and made the
Egyptian whip the son.

9. Contribution to Education
(Religious Worldly)
ِ ّ‫ْعَْعَ ُرْ ْعَ ْعَ ْعَ ِ ُرْ فوُ نيّ ِ ُرْ ْعَ ُأ ٍ مُرْ فوُ ُرْ ْعَ ِ ْعَ ل ٌ ِ ْعَ ْعَ ْعَ ساّ فوُ ِ ني‬
‫فنلوال نفر من كل فرقة َِنهم طلائفة ليتفقهوا ف ي الِدِنين‬
َ‫ْعَ ِيُرْ ِ فوُ ْعَ ُرْ ْعَ فوُ ُرْ ِ ْعَ ْعَ ْعَ فوُ ِْعَ ُرْ ِ ُرْ ْعَ ْعَساّ فوُ ُرْ ْعَ ُرْ ْعَ فوُ ْع‬
‫فول فوَُنذرفوا قومهم إذا رجعوا إليهم لعنلهم ِنيحذرفون‬
For there should separate from every division of them a group
[remaining] to obtain understanding in the religion and warn their
people when they return to them that they might be cautious.
Surah Tawbah : 122

10. Educational Policy of Prophet

The First Revelation:
Recite in the Name of your Lord who created.


This first revelation was the basis of many activities of our Prophet
He (s) took steps and had a clear educational policy.

11. 1. Establishment of Darul
Arqam

Darul Arqam -the first school for the Muslim in Makkah
where new Muslims secretly met in the early days of Islam.

In this secret school the Prophet taught them the Qur'an,
Islamic beliefs, the manners of Islam, and so on.

His students graduated with flying colors, becoming
leaders and educators of the following generation of
Muslims.

12. 2. Establishment of Masjid e
Nabawi


The first building constructed in Madina was Masjid e
Nabawi a part of which was meant for a school.
The Masjid was the centre of education and training in
Madina.

13. 
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3. Increasing Literacy Rate
Abdullah Bin saeed appointed to teach “writing
skills” in the Masjid.
Some prisoners of Battle of Badr had to teach
Muslim children how to write as a ransom.
Foreign deputations were provided boarding,
lodging and education.
Prophet ordered the literate and the illiterate to
co-operate.
He ordered the neighbors to teach each other.
He explained that unpaid teaching is the duty
of every learned man.
He warned that withholding knowledge is a
punishable sin.
The teaching of writing was described as the
duty of a father towards his son.
Prophet mentioned many reward for both
teachers and students.
[Mustafa Azmi: Studies in Early Hadith Literature]

14. 



4.Appointment of Sahabas as
Teachers to Distant lands
Before migration, Musab bin Umair (r) Ibn umm Makhtoom
sent as teachers to Madina.
Forty teachers sent to Bir Maunah (they were sadly murdered)
Many teachers sent to Najran and Yemen.
In 9th AH, Education was properly organized in Yemen.
[Mustafa Azmi: Studies in Early Hadith Literature]

15. 




Outcome of the Educational
Policy
Literacy increased incredibly – thus Quran
prescribed that every transaction on credit
should be written down
Prophet (s) had around fifty secretaries
responsible for:
– corresponding with tribal chiefs,
– keep accounts of zakat, taxes etc.
– answering letters.
Prophet (s) ordered learning of foreign
languages.
Writing was taught to women and sometimes
teaching was agreed as the Mahar.
Prophet gave important advice on the art of
letter writing.
[Mustafa Azmi: Studies in Early Hadith Literature]

16. Keeping Records writing

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Prophet ordered to make a
statistical list of new Muslims.
People recruited for military
campaigns were registered.
Many people used to write
what he dictated.
Quran and Hadith both were
written down during the life
time of Prophet.
Many Sahabas had their own
manuscripts of Quran and
hadith.
[Mustafa Azmi: Studies in Early Hadith Literature]

17. Manuscripts ordered by
Prophet




Kitab us sadaqah : contained
commandments of zakat which were
sent to tribal chiefs.
Sahifa Umro bin huzm: contained
issues of tilawat, Quran, namaz,
zakat, talaq, Qisas, faraiz, sunnahs
and list of sins which was sent to the
governor of Yemen.
Sahifa Ali (ra): contained issues of
zakat
Sahifa Wail (ra): contained issues of
namaz roza zakat, nikah riba etc.
[Mustafa Azmi: Studies in Early Hadith Literature]

18. Manuscripts of sahabas
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Sahifa saad bin Ibadah
Sahifa Jabir Bin Abdullah
Sahifa Anas Bin Malik
Sahifa Abdullah Bin Abbas
Sahifa Sadaqah.
Sahifa Umar bin khattab
Sahifa usman
Sahifa abdullah bin masood
Musnad abu huraira
Khutba fathe makkah
Riwayaat e ayesha
Sahifa sahiha/ sahifa hamam
ibn munnabih
.. Many many more

19. Collection Compilation of Quran
Hadith
Abu Bakr collected the Quran during his lifetime in one
Manuscript which was kept with Hafsa (ra).
 Usman Ghani realized the difference of recitation of the Quran of
the new Muslims due to different dialects. Thus to standardize the
recitation of Prophet Muhammad , he ordered that the Manuscript
of the Quran which was compiled during Abu Bakr’s caliphate
should be copied and these copies were then sent to all the
provinces of the Islamic state.
 These copies of the Quran can still be found in the library of Egypt
and Moscow and the Museum in Turkey.


20. Roots of Science Based on
Quran
Al-Anam
BOTANY‫وهو اَمّل ِذ ي اَأَنْنز99 ِمن الَس‬
‫ اَ اَ اَ َمّم اء م اء فأخرجن ا‬
َ‫ اَ ِ اَ ً اَ اَ َنْ اَ َنْ ا‬
‫ل‬
َ‫ اَ َوُ ا‬
‫به نب ات كِل شيء فأخرجن ا منه خضرا‬
ً ِ َ‫ ِ ِ اَ اَ اَ َوُ َش ّ اَ َنْ ف ٍ اَ اَ َنْ اَ َنْ اَ ِ َنْ َوُ ا‬
ْ‫َوُ َنْ ِ َوُ ِ َنْ َوُ اَ م اّ َوُ اَ اَ ِ ً اَ ِ اَ َمّ َنْ ِ ِ َن‬
‫نخرج منه حب ا متراكب ا ومن النخِل من‬
ٍ ‫ اَ َنْ ِ اَ ِ َنْ اَ و ٌ اَ ِ اَ و ٌ اَ اَ َمّ ف ٍ ِ َنْ اَ َنْ اَ ف‬
‫طلعه ا قنوان دانية وجن ات من أعن اب‬
ٍ ‫ اَ َمّ َنْ َوُ اَ اَ َمّ َمّ اَ َوُ َنْ اَ ِ ً اَ اَ َنْ اَ َوُ اَ اَ ِ ف‬
‫والزيتون والرم ان مشتبه ا وغير متش ابه‬
‫انظروا إل ى ثمر ِ إذا أثمر وينعه إن في‬
ِ ّ‫َنْ َوُ َوُ ِ اَ اَ اَ ِه ِ اَ اَ َنْ اَ اَ اَ اَ َنْ ِ ِ ِ َم‬
َ‫ اَ ِ َوُ َنْ اَ ف ٍ ِ اَ َنْ ف ٍ َوُ َنْ ِ َوُ ا‬
‫ذلكم لي ات لقوم يؤمنون‬
And it is He who sends down rain from the sky,
and We produce thereby the growth of all
things. We produce from it greenery from which
We produce grains arranged in layers. And
from the palm trees - of its emerging fruit are
clusters hanging low. And [We produce]
gardens of grapevines and olives and
pomegranates, similar yet varied. Look at [each
of] its fruit when it yields and [at] its ripening.
Indeed in that are signs for a people who
believe.

21. Anatomy, Embryology
Zoology
‫وفي خلقكم وم ا يبُث من دابة آي ات لقوم‬
ٍ ‫ اَ ِ اَ َنْ ِ َوُ َنْ اَ اَ اَ َوُ َمّ ِ َنْ اَ َمّ ف ٍ اَ و ٌ ِ اَ َنْ ف‬
َ‫َوُ ِ َوُ ا‬
‫يوقنون‬
And in the creation of yourselves and what He
disperses of moving creatures are signs for
people who are certain [in faith].
Al Jathiya : 4

22. Astronomy Cosmology Geology
Those who remember God, standing,
sitting and lying on their sides,
and reflect on the creation of the
heavens and the earth:'Our Lord,
You have not created this for
nothing... (Ale Imran: 191

23. The Birth Place of Modern Science
Knowledge
8 th – 5 th CE.
Dark Ages for Europe
Golden Age and knowledge
revolution in the Islamic
world.

24. 
Centers of Religious and Scientific
learning
Centers of religious knowledge and
scientific development established in
Muslim Lands.
 Great urban cultural centers in
– Cordoba,
– Baghdad,
– Cairo,
– Nishapur
– Palermo
 The formal concept of Madrasseh
(School) developed in Baghdad with:
– a curriculum and
– full-time and part-time teachers
– Female teachers
– Free for Rich and poor
 Baghdad became the scientific capital
of its time.
[Harun Yahya, The Islamic Origins of
Modern science]

25. Initiators of Paper Revolution
Muslims : first to obtain the secret art of
Chinese papermaking from Chinese
prisoners of war in 7th CE Century.
 The first paper mills built in
– Samarkand
– Baghdad
 Muslims improved papermaking and
used fine “pens” for writing.
 Baghdad by AD 900 had
– hundreds of shops employing scribes
and binders for books
 From here paper-making spread to Europe
in the 13th century.
[Islamic Golden Age, Wikipedia]


26. The Muslims established…
The first public libraries and lending
libraries: The two most famous libraries are
– Bait al-Hikmah in Baghdad (ca. 820)
– Dar al-Ilm in Cairo (ca.998).
– The concept of the library catalogue was
also introduced in medieval Islamic
libraries, where books were organized
into specific genres and categories.[24]
 The first universities which issued
diplomas:
– Bimaristan medical university-hospitals
issued medical diplomas to students of
Islamic medicine in the 9th CE
 The first degree granting University: The
Guinness Book of World Records recognizes
– University of Al Karaouine in Fez,
Morocco as the oldest degree-granting
university in the world with its
founding in 859 CE.[19]

[Islamic Golden Age, Wikipedia]

27. The Muslims established…
The first full-fledge University:
– Al-Azhar University,founded
in Cairo, Egypt in the 975 CE
– It offered a variety of
academic degrees, including
postgraduate degrees
– considered the first fullfledged university.
 The first doctorate degree: The
origins of the doctorate also dates
back to the ijazat attadris wa 'lifttd (license to teach and issue
legal opinions) in the medieval
Madrasahs of Islamic law.
 The first astronomical
observatory
– The first observatory was
constructed in Baghdad under
the caliph Mamun Ar
Rasheed.


28. Muslim Scientific Revolution

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Muslim scientists laid the foundations for modern science.
The scientific methods and an empirical, experimental and
quantitative approach to scientific inquiry were developed

29. Chemistry

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Jabir bin hayan (Gaber) Father
of chemistry.
austic soda or Gatron.
- First to evoke water gold.
- First to introduce the method
of separation of (NaOH).
- First to discover nitric acid.
- First to discover hydrochloric
acid .
Many more discoveries and
experiments in chemistry

30. Mathematics

Algebra, algorithms, trigonometry,
geometry, calculus, and arithmetic were
developed by Muslim mathematicians.

31. Physics Optics

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) is
considered the pioneer of
experimental physics and
optics.
Ibn Al Haytham invented the camera
obscura and pinhole camera, was the
first to discover the principle of least
time and first law of motion, and laid the
foundations for telescopic astronomy.

32. 
Medicine
Abu Ali Seena known as Avicenna laid the foundation of modern
medicine.
Avicenna introduced experimental medicine, discovered contagious
diseases, introduced quarantine and clinical trials, and described many
anaesthetics and medical and therapeutic drugs, in The Canon of Medicine.

33. Medicine
Arab physicians created hundreds of medicines and invented many
surgical instruments.

34. Anatomy
The earliest known medical
description of the eye, from
a ninth-century work by
Hunayn ibn Ishaq,

35. Anatomy

36. Zoology

37. Botany

38. Astronomy

39. Astronomy
Manuscripts describing eclipse and
planetary motion

40. Mechanics

41. Muslim Accomplishments
Cordoba had :
– 700 mosques and
– 70 libraries, the largest of
which had 600,000 books.
 Baghdad:300 Madrassas.
 60,000 treatises, poems, polemics
and compilations published each
year in Al Andulus.
 The library of Cairo: Two million
books.
 Library of Tripoli: Three million
books.
 Alexandria :12,000 students.
 The number of important and
original medieval Arabic works
on the mathematical sciences far
exceeds the combined total of
medieval Latin and Greek works.
[Islamic Golden Age,Wikipedia]

42. ‫‪Muslim Contribution to‬‬
‫‪Welfare‬‬
‫ولاعبدولا لاَلل وال تشركولا به شيئ ا وب الولالدين إحس ان ا وبذ ي‬
‫هّ بَ اوُ َسْ يِ اوُ يِ يِ بَ َسْ اً بَ يِ َسْ بَ يِ بَ َسْ يِ يِ َسْ بَ اً بَ يِ يِ‬
‫بَ‬
‫بَ َسْ اوُ اوُ‬
‫َسْ اوُ َسْ بَ بَ َسْ بَ بَ بَ بَ َسْ بَ بَ يِ يِ بَ َسْ بَ يِ يِ َسْ اوُ َسْ بَ بَ َسْ بَ يِ‬
‫لالقرب ى ولاليت ام ى ولالمس اكين ولالج ار ذ ي لالقرب ى ولالج ار‬
‫َسْ اوُ اوُ يِ بَ هّ يِ يِ يِ َسْ بَ َسْ يِ بَ َسْ يِ هّ يِ يِ بَ بَ بَ بَ بَ َسْ بَ َسْ بَ اوُ اوُ َسْ‬
‫لالجنب ولالَص احب ب الجنب ولابن لالسبيل وم ا ملكت أيم انكم‬
‫إن لاَلل ال يحب من ك ان مخت اال فخورلا‬
‫ يِ هّ هّ اوُ يِ َم ّ بَ َسْ بَ بَ اوُ َسْ بَ بَ اوُ اً‬
‫بَ‬
‫‪04.036 Serve Allah, and join not any partners with Him; and do good- to‬‬
‫,‪parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbors who are near‬‬
‫‪neighbours who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer‬‬
‫‪(ye meet), and what your right hands possess: For Allah loveth not the‬‬
‫)63:‪arrogant, the vainglorious;- ( An Nisa‬‬

43. Distribution of Wealth through
Baitul Maal

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Umar Farooq established
the first public treasury in
15 AH.
The funds of the public
treasury used for:
1. Wazaif for widows,
orphans and needy
2. Salaries for the army
recruits
3. Loan: interest free
loan provided to
needy.
4. Construction of jails
5. Construction of
roads, streets, bridges
and digging of
canals.

44. Abolishing Slave Trading

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Trading and selling of slaves was abolished
by Prophet Muhammad (saw)
Slave girls were also given rights of
marriage.
Muslims were encouraged to free slaves to
earn great rewards.
The punishment of many mistakes by
Muslims was to free slaves.

45. Public Welfare System
Unemployment funds provided
by the Islamic state to injured and
incapable of working.
 Elderly provided “social
security”- given stipends from the
public treasury.
 Muslim cities the 8th CE had
– advanced domestic water
systems
– sewers,
– drinking fountains,
– piped drinking water supplies
– widespread private and
public toilets
– public bathing facilities.

Plan of Baghdad showing the city plan with its walls,
buildings, canals and streets (Topkapi collection).

46. Set up of Civic departments
Departments Established during the
time of Sahaba:
 Courts of justice
 Army Military
 Land revenue
 Finance Department
 Prison Police
 Secret intelligence service

47. Muslim Agricultural Revolution
Arabs built the first sugar
refineries and sugar plantations.
 Muslims introduced the cash
cropping and modern crop
rotation system.
 Muslims developed a scientific
approach to agriculture based on
crop rotation, irrigation and
cataloguing of crops.
 Numerous encyclopaedias on
farming and botany were
produced, containing accurate,
precise detail.
[www.MuslimHeritage.com]


48. Muslim Industrial Revolution

Muslim Worked in the following areas
– Clocks
– Mechanics
– Mills
– Automatic Control Systems
– Dams and water management
– Pumps
– Ship Building
– Self Changing Water Fountains
– Many other areas…
The transfer of these technologies to
Europe led to the “industrial revolution”
of Europe.
[www.MuslimHeritage.com Islamic
Golden Age, wikipedia]


49. Muslim Industrial Revolution
Industries established in the Muslim world
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
agribusiness,
astronomical instruments,
ceramics,
Chemicals
distillation technologies,
clocks,
glass,
mechanical hydropowered
and wind powered
machinery,
– matting, mosaics,
– pulp and paper,
– perfumery,
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
[4]
www.1001inventions.com
petroleum,
pharmaceuticals,
rope-making,
shipping,
shipbuilding,
silk,
sugar,
textiles
,water,
weapons,
and the mining of
minerals such as sulphur,
ammonia, lead and iron.

50. Muslim Inventions
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camera obscura,
Coffee
soap bar, shampoo,
pure distillation, liquefaction,
crystallisation, purification,
oxidisation, evaporation,
filtration, distilled alcohol,
uric acid, nitric acid,
alembic,
valve,
reciprocating suction piston pump,
mechanical clocks driven by water and weights,
programmable humanoid robot
[Islamic Golden Age, Wikipedia,www.1001inventions.com]
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combination lock,
quilting,
pointed arch,
scalpel, bone saw, forceps,
surgical catgut,
windmill,
inoculation, smallpox vaccine,
fountain pen
cryptanalysis,
frequency analysis,
three-course meal,
stained glass and quartz glass,
Persian carpet,
modern cheque,
celestial globe,
explosive rockets
incendiary devices,
torpedo, and artificial pleasure gardens.

51. Roots of Environmental Science
The earliest known treatises on
environmental science, were written by
al-Kindi, al-Razi and many other
Muslims.
 Their works covered subjects like:
– air pollution
– water pollution
– soil contamination,
– municipal solid waste mishandling
– environmental impact assessments of
certain localities.
 Cordoba, al-Andalus had the first waste
containers and waste disposal facilities
for litter collection.
[www.MuslimHeritage.com]
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52. Acknowledgement of the West
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George Rafael writes in an article titled A Is For Arabs that;
“From algebra and coffee to guitars, optics and universities... the
West owes to the People of the Crescent Moon... A millennium ago,
while the West was shrouded in darkness, Islam enjoyed a golden
age. Lighting in the streets of Cordoba when London was a
barbarous pit; religious tolerance in Toledo while pogroms raged
from York to Vienna. As custodians of our classical legacy, Arabs
were midwives to our Renaissance. Their influence, however alien it
might seem, has always been with us, whether it’s a cup of steaming
hot Joe or the algorithms in computer programs.”
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Howard R. Turner writes: Muslim artists and scientists, princes
and labourers together created a unique culture that has directly
and indirectly influenced societies on every continent.