it includes infection control policies, barrier techniques and nurses responsibilities.

1. PRESENTED BY:
JUTHIKA RANI DEY
NURSING TUTOR, SCHOOL OF NURSING

2. INFECTION
DEFINITION
 The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms
such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not
normally present within the body.
 An infection may remain localized, or it may spread
through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become
systemic (body wide).

3. Hospital acquired
infection(HAI)/
nosocomial
infection
Now when this
infection is
associated with
hospital , it is known
as hospital acquired
infection.
Or
An infection caught
while hospitalized.
 Now a days HAI is also known
as Health Care Associated
Infections(HCAIs).

4. Chain of infection
 The chain of infection is a way of gathering the
information needed to interrupt or prevent an
epidemic(a widespread occurrence of an infectious
disease in a community at a particular time.). Each of
the links in the chain must be favorable to the
organism for the epidemic to continue. Breaking any
link in the chain can disrupt the epidemic.

5. Chain of infection

6. How the infection is transmitted
or routes of transmission
1. Direct contact (b/w healthy and unhealthy person)
2. Airborne /droplet(viruses and bacteria spread
through coughing and sneezing)
3. Ingestion (usually through water and food)
4. Inoculation (through needle prick, insect bite or
animal bite)
5. Transplacental /vertical transmission(from mother
to child)

7. Breaking the
chain of
infection
Now if we want to
minimize the risk
of spread of
infection to
patients and
health care
workers, we must
break the chain of
infection and
implement and
follow good
infection control
practices.

8. Universal precautions for infection
control

9. 1. Hand hygiene/hand washing
Definition:
 Hand washing also known as hand hygiene is the act
of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil,
dirt and micro-organisms.
 Hand washing is the single most important means of
preventing the transmission of infectious agents.

10. 7 Steps of hand washing

11. 5 moments of hand washing
1. Before touching the patient.
2. After touching the patient.
3. Before procedures.
4. After procedures.
5. After exposure to body fluids and contamination.
HAND WASHING TIME : 30 SEC
SANITIZER USAGE: 15-20 SEC

12. 2. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENTS(PPE)
A. Use of gloves:
Clean gloves must be worn when touching
secretions like blood, semen,vaginal secretions
,CSF, pleural or pericardial or amniotic fluid,
contaminated items and excretions.

14. Gloving technique

15. Contd..
B. Face mask(respirators), eye goggles and face
shields
Face mask or shield must be worn during procedures
of infected cases like HIV, TB that are expected to
generate splashes or sprays of blood or body fluids.

16. Face masks
 A face mask is a loose fitting mask that covers the nose
and mouth area. They have 2 ear loops that stretch
around the ears to hold the mask in place. Face mask are
designed to be used as ONE-WAY PROTECTION ONLY, only
capturing large particles or droplets exiting from the
wearer and preventing them from being spread to the
environment. Typically used to prevent the spread of
common colds and flu's.

17. Face masks

18. Respirators
 A respirator is a tight fitting mask that creates a FACIAL
SEAL. Each respirator when used properly will create a
facial seal which will provide TWO-WAY PROTECTION,
filtering the air entering and exiting the wearer at a level
of efficiency designated by the respirator or filter (Half
Face and Full Face).
 Respirators come in 3 categories:
 Disposable (typically N95 and healthcare uses)
 Half Face
 Full Face

20. Disposable (N 95)

21. Half Face / Full Face Respirators:
 These are non-disposable respirators that all have 2
sets of straps, a mouth piece and 2 cartridge/filter
pieces. Half Face respirators will cover the nose and
mouth area, whereas Full Face respirators will cover
the entire face. Both of these respirators will create a
FACIAL SEAL and filter the air entering and exiting
the wearers airway.

22. Half Face / Full Face Respirators

23. EYE GOGGLES
 Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms
of protective eyewear that usually enclose or
protect the area surrounding the eye in order
to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from
striking the eyes.

24. EYE GOGGLES

25. Face shield
 To provide better face and eye protection from splashes
and sprays, a face shield should have crown and
chin protection and wrap around the face to the point of
the ear, which reduces the likelihood that a splash could
go around the edge of theshield and reach the eyes.

26. Face shield

27. Contd..
C . Gown / apron/capping
Gown and apron must be worn to protect skin
and to prevent soiling of clothing during
procedures of patient care activities that are
expected to generate splashes or sprays of
blood or body fluids , secretions and
excretions.

28. Gown / apron/capping

29. Shoe covers

30. 3. NEEDLE STICK INJURY AND SHARPS
INJURY PREVENTION
 Avoid recapping needles.
 Before beginning any procedure using needles, plan for
safe handling and proper disposal.
 Use devices with safety features.
 Report all needle stick and other sharps-related injuries.
 Dispose of used needles in appropriate sharps disposal
containers.
 Inform your employer of hazards from needles that you
observe at work.
 Participate in blood borne pathogen training and follow
recommended infection prevention practices, including
hepatitis B vaccination.

31. 4. CLEANING,DISINFECTION,STERILIZATION
 Cleaning (superficial removal)
It is the removal of foreign matter e.g. soil and organic
matter from objects and is normally accomplished using
water and detergent. Thorough cleaning is required
before high level disinfection and sterilization.
 Disinfection
It means destroying of all pathogenic organism. It is done
either by physical (heat or irradiation) or chemical
method (treating with chemical reagent.)

32. Contd..
 Sterilization
It is the process by which an object becomes free from
all micro-organisms /pathogens and their vegetative
spores.
Traditional methods :
1. Natural method:
Exposure of linens, bedpans to sunlight for two
consecutive days.
2. Boiling :
Boiling of articles for 10 minutes.

33. Contd..
3. Cold sterilization:
A chemical disinfected acts by coagulating the
bacterial protein or by changing the composition of
protein so that it no longer exists in the same form.
4. Fumigation/ gas sterilization :
total surface expose to formaldehyde gas under
conditions of controlled humidity, temperature and
time exposure will destroy all vegetative spores of
bacteria.Best results can be obtained at humidity
>60% & temperature >=18 degree C , exposure time: 1-
16 hrs.

34. Contd..
5. UV light/ Radiation sterilization:
6. Dry heat/hot air sterilization:
 High temperature and long duration are required.
 Not suitable for linens.
 Method of choice for:
Fine metal cannula
Lumbar puncture needle
Glass syringe with stillet.

35. Contd..
7. Autoclaving (steam under pressure):
Most widely used , economical and effective method
of destroying micro-organisms.
For effective sterilization:
Pressure: 15 lbs/square inch
Temperature : 121 degree C

36. 5. RESPIARTORY HYGIENE (COUGH
ETIQUETTES)

39. 6. WASTE DISPOSAL(BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT)
 Waste management is collection, transportation, and
disposal of bio medical waste and
other waste products. Waste management is the
process of treating solid wastes and offers variety of
solutions for recycling items that don't belong
to trash.

40. Methods of Waste Disposal
Land fills
The Landfill is the most popularly used method of waste
disposal used today. This process of waste disposal focuses
attention on burying the waste in the land
Incineration/Combustion
Incineration or combustion is a type disposal method in which
municipal solid wastes are burned at high temperatures so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous products. .
Recovery and Recycling
Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded items
for a specific next use. These discarded items are then
processed to extract or recover materials and resources or convert
them to energy in the form of useable heat, electricity or fuel.

41. Contd..
Recycling :
It is the process of converting waste products into new
products to prevent energy usage and consumption of
fresh raw materials.

42. Bio medical waste management

43. 7. Safe injection practices

46. Thank you