gives the general idea for the geographic information system used for the spatial data inclusion in the map.

2. General :
 Geomatics : Represents general approach by which
geographic information is collected, managed and
applied along with surveying, photogrammetry,
cartography etc.
 GIScience : Set of basic research issues raised by the
handling of geographic information.
 GIS : System represents procedures for collecting,
managing & using geospatial information and entails
the body of scientific knowledge from which
procedures are developed.

3. Definitions of GIS...
 It is a system of hardware, software and procedure
designed to support the capture, management,
manipulation, analysis, modelling and display of spatially
referenced for solving complex planning and
management problem.(RHIND,1989)
 It is a computer system capable of assembling, storing,
manipulating and displaying geographically referenced
information, i.e. data identified according to their
locations.(USGS, 2005)
 In general, as computer based systems specially
designed and implemented for two interrelated
purposes: managing geospatial data and using these
data to solve spatial problems.

4. General Terminology :
 DATA : It usually refers to a collection of facts or
figures that pertain to places, people , things ,
events and concepts.
 INFORMATION : when data are transformed –
through processes such as structuring, formatting,
conversion and modelling – to a form that is
meaningful to a user , they becomes “information”.
 The concept of data and information is closely
related to the knowledge and intelligence. The
transformation of data into information by a user is
to raise their knowledge to a level appropriate so
that he/she can make a specific decision regarding
the problem.

5. DATABASE
MANAGEMENT

6. Chain Of Steps
 Data collection & processing
 Spatial analysis
 Output visualization
 End objective - “Decision Making”

7. CAD Vs. GIS
Functions CAD GIS
Geometric Design
Dimensioning
Spatial Operations
Entity Data Operations
Entity Symbolization
Drawing / MAP layouts
Programming
3D - Environment

8. Importance Of GIS
 By putting maps and other kind of spatial
information into digital form, connections
between activities based on geographic
proximity can be made. Looking at data
geographically can often suggest new insights,
explanations. These connections are often
unrecognized without GIS, but can be vital to
understanding and managing activities and
resources.

9. CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES
AND TECHNOLOGIES
 GIS is a convergence of technological fields and
traditional disciplines.
 GIS has been called an "enabling technology"
because of the potential it offers for the wide variety of
disciplines which must deal with spatial data
 Each related field provides some of the techniques
which make up GIS.
 Many of these related fields emphasize data collection -
GIS brings them together through integration, modeling
and analysis.
 As the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the
science of spatial information.

10. List Of Discipline
Heritage Data Analysis
- Geography - Statistics
Data Collection - Operation Research
- Remote Sensing - Computer Science
- Photogrammetry - Mathematics
- Surveying Data Reporting
- Geodesy - Cartography
- GPS - Computer Graphics

11. Geography(Heritage)
 Broadly concerned with understanding the
world and man's place in it.
 Long tradition in spatial analysis.
 Provides techniques for conducting spatial
analysis.

12. Data Collection
Remote sensing
 Images from space and the air are major source
of geographical data.
 Remote sensing includes techniques for data
acquisition and processing anywhere on the globe
at low cost and consistent update potential.
 Many image analysis systems contain
sophisticated analytical functions.
 Interpreted data from a remote sensing system
can be merged with other data layers in a GIS.

13. Data Collection (conti...)
Photogrammetry
 Photogrammetry is the source of most data on
topography (ground surface elevations) used
for input to GIS.
 Uses analytic techniques for making accurate
measurements from aerial/space photographs
and imageries.
Surveying
 Provides high quality data on positions of land
boundaries, buildings, etc.
 Data is usually based on ground surveys with
theodolites and/or global positioning systems
(GPS).

14. Data Collection (conti...)
Geodesy
 Source of high accuracy positional control for GIS,
GPS, remote sensing and surveying
 Concentrates on placing objects accurately in a
“global” context.
GPS
 By coupling mobile access to GIS and global position
systems, a plethora of applications collectively called
locations based services (LBS) have been developed.
In contrast to the passive fixed internet applications
LBS makes use of the information about the location
of the mobile computer to deliver personalized,
localized and real time geographic services to the
user.

15. Data Analysis
Statistics
 Many statistical techniques are used for analysis.
 Statistics is important in understanding issues of
error and uncertainty in GIS data.
 Many models built using GIS are also statistical in
nature.
Operations Research
 Many applications of GIS require use of optimizing
techniques for decision-making.

16. Data Analysis (conti...)
Computer Science
 Computer-aided design (CAD) provides software,
techniques for data input, display and visualization,
representation, particularly in 3 dimensions.
 Advances in computer graphics provide hardware,
software for handling and displaying graphic
objects, techniques of visualization.
 Database management systems (DBMS) contribute
methods for representing data in digital form,
procedures for handling large volumes of data,
particularly retrieval and updation.

17. Data Analysis (conti...)
Mathematics
 Several branches of mathematics, especially
geometry, algebra, and graph theory, are used
in GIS system design and analysis of spatial
data.

18. Data Reporting
Cartography
 Concerned with the display of spatial information
information.
 Currently the main source of input data for GIS is
maps.
 Provides long tradition in the design of maps which
is an important form of output from GIS.
 Computer cartography (also called "digital
cartography” or "automated cartography") provides
methods for digital representation and manipulation
of cartographic features and methods of
visualization.

19. Major Area Of Application
I. Land information system (LIS)
 Zoning, subdivision plan review
 Land acquisition
 Environmental impact statements
 Water quality management
 Maintenance of ownership

20. Major Area Of Application
II. Facilities information systems
 FIS is aimed at integration of a geographic
information system (GIS), facilities management
system (FMS), and maintenance management
system (MMS).
 Examples:
 Locating and maintaining underground pipes,
cables.
 Balancing loads in electrical networks .
 Facility management and maintenance.

21. Major Area Of Application
III. Natural resource & environmental
 Management of rivers, floodplains, wetlands,
agricultural lands, aquifers, forests, wildlife.
 Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
 Geologic hazard studies
 View shed analysis
 Hazardous or toxic facility sitting
 Groundwater modelling and contamination
tracking
 Wildlife habitat analysis, migration routes
planning

22. Major Area Of Application
IV. Infrastructure networks
 Address matching - finding locations given
street addresses
 Sewer routing
 Water system routing
 Electrical system routing
 Vehicle routing and scheduling
 Location analysis, site selection
 Development of evacuation plans

23. APPLICATION BASED ON THE
SECTORS WHICH USE IT....
ACADEMIC
 Research in humanities, science and
engineering
 Primary and secondary school–school district
delineation, facilities management, bus routing
Spatial digital libraries
MILITRY
 Training
 Command and control
 Intelligence gathering

24. APPLICATION BASED ON THE
SECTORS WHICH USE IT....
GOVERNMENT
 Federal government – national topographic mapping,
resource and environmental management, weather
services, public land management, population census,
election, and voting
 Health care – pattern and spread of diseases,
distribution and delivery of health services international
development and humanitarian relief.
 State/provincial government-surveying & mapping, land
& resources management, highway planning and
management.
 Local/municipal govt.-social and community
development, land registration and property
assessment, water & wastewater services.

25. APPLICATION BASED ON THE
SECTORS WHICH USE IT....
BUSINESS
 Banking and insurance
 Real estate–development project planning and
management, sales and renting services, building
management
 Retail and market analysis
 Delivery of goods and services
INDUSTRY
 Engineering –surveying and mapping site and
landscape development, pavement management
 Transportation – route selection for goods delivery,
public transit, vehicle tracking
 Utilities and communications – electricity and gas

26. REFERENCES:
 C. P. Lo. Albert K.W. Yeung, (2012), “Concepts
and techniques of Geographic information
Systems”, PHI Publication(New Delhi)
 A. K. Gosai, “NPTEL LEC.”, www.nptel.ac.in