A research proposal for a Research project for completion of Master degree of Science in Ecosystems science and Management of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) for academic years 2016-2018. The research tries to find and come up with a new thinking in the management of Human-elephant conflicts for better and sustainable management of socio-ecological systems in Ikorongo-Grumeti Game Reserves, other protected areas within Tanzania and outside the country having similar problems. The project is funded by Singita Grumeti Fund (SGF) - 2017.

1. TITLE: APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
FOR MANAGING HUMAN-ELEPHANT
CONFLICTS IN WESTERN SERENGETI
AREA, TANZANIA
STUDENT: CHAMBA, ISAAC YOHANA
PROGRAMME: MSc. EcoSM.
SUPERVISOR: DR. GIMBAGE E. MBEYALE
2017
1

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 Background Information
 Problem statement and justification
 Objectives
 METHODOLOGY
 SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
 SOURCE OF FUND AND BUDGET
2

3. INTRODUCTION
Background information
Human-elephant conflict
 Human-elephant conflict (HEC) refers to any
human-elephant interaction which results in
negative effects on;
 Human - social, economic or cultural life,
 elephant conservation or on the environment
(AfESG, 2007).
3

4. INTRODUCTION...
Human-elephant conflict….
 Marks one of the greatest challenges of
conservation in many countries around the world.
 In Asia, Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are
one of the principal source of human-wildlife
conflict.
 Indonesia,
 China,
 Sri Lanka (150 elephant deaths)
 India (300 humans, 200 elephants) 4

5. INTRODUCTION...
Human-elephant conflict…..
 In Africa, elephants are seen to be the most
aggressive compared to predators (Hedges and
Gunaryadi, 2010).
 Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Namibia,
 Kenya about 50 to 120 PEs are shot dead each
year.
 As a result, African Elephant population has
declined from around 3-5 million to between
470,000 and 690,000 in the last 100 years (WWF,
2014b). 5

6. INTRODUCTION...
Human-elephant conflict….
 Tanzania lost 60% of its elephants as the
population fell from an estimated 109,051 in
2009 to about 43,330 in 2014.
 In 2014, about 117 carcasses were found in
the northern part of SME while 75 in the
southern part of the ecosystem with 84% and
27% of it outside PA (WWF, 2014a).
6

7. INTRODUCTION…
Human-elephant conflict….
 There is an ongoing dissatisfaction among
local communities, farmers and herders on
the way wild animals are managed.
 Results into HEC.
7

8. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION
 Absence of an effective buffer between communal
land and Ikorongo-Grumeti Game Reserves is a
major source of conflicts (Kideghesho et al., 2006).
 The elephant population in IGGR has been increasing
from 1,236 to 1,320 elephants in 2013 and 2014.
 Elephant consumes approximately 150kg of food
daily. Causing crop raiding and human killing among
major problems to local communities around IGGR
(Perea, 2009).
8

9. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION…
 All these cause dissatisfaction and inculcate
hatred of wildlife with a revenging behaviour.
 There is little information that is known on the
approaches and techniques to be applied in
solving the problem (RESOLVE et al., 2016),
leaving a gap to be filled.
 The study aims at understanding the approaches
and techniques with long-term impacts and fill the
gap.
9

10. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION…
 Results will add to the understanding on long-
term measures over existing HEC in western
Serengeti area.
 Moreover, the study will add knowledge on the
management of socio-ecological systems.
10

11. OBJECTIVES
 General objective
To identify and recommend the approaches and
techniques for managing human-elephant
conflicts (HEC) in western Serengeti area,
Tanzania.
11

12. OBJECTIVES CONT..
 Specific objectives
I. To identify factors that lead to human-elephant conflicts
(HEC) in western Serengeti area
II. To examine losers and gainers in the human-elephant
conflicts
III. To identify the new approaches and techniques to be
applied for prevention and mitigation of human-elephant
conflicts (HEC) in western Serengeti area
IV. To determine barriers toward approaches and techniques
for managing human-elephant conflicts (HEC) applied in
western Serengeti area and how can be addressed. 12

13. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
I. What are the factors that lead to human-elephant conflicts
(HEC) in western Serengeti area?
II. Who are the losers and gainers in the human-elephant
conflicts?
III. What are the new approaches and techniques to be
applied for prevention and mitigation of human-elephant
conflicts (HEC) in western Serengeti area?
IV.What are the barriers toward applied approaches and
techniques for managing human-elephant conflicts (HEC)
in western Serengeti area and how can be addressed?
13

14. Sustainable conservation
of elephants
Prevention
and
mitigation
approaches
Human-elephant
conflicts (HEC)
OutcomesOutcomes
-Human
deaths, injury
and fear of
insecurity
-Crop raiding
-Elephant deaths
and Injury
Lead
to
-Crop cultivation
-Settlements
-Grazing land (Livestock)
-Food (Grazing
land)
-Water
-Shelter
Drivers
Increases
demand
for
Increases
demand
for
Human population increase Elephant population increase
14
Dependent
variable
Independent
variables
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING
HUMAN-ELEPHANT CONFLICTS MANAGEMENT

15. MATERIALS AND METHODS
 Study area description
Ikorongo Game Reserve
Grumeti Game
Reserve
Location
Mara region at lat 1°
30' - 2° 45' S and long
33° 00' - 35° 30' E.
Climate
Annual rainfall approx.
500 – 1200mm
declining towards Park
and increasing towards
Lake Victoria, and
annual temp 21°C –
27°C.
Vegetation
Highland savannah
with thorn tree
woodlands (Acacia
spp) and plains.
Human
population
Diverse ethnic groups
approx. >20 tribes.
Legen
d
Ikorongo-Grumeti
GR
Village
s 15

16. RESEARCH DESIGN AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
 Research design for this study will be a cross-
sectional survey.
Sampling procedure
 The researcher will use three-stage sampling
technique.
 First stage, purposively selecting 6 villages.
 Second stage, from selected villages the
researcher will use lottery method to sample
blocks. 16

17. RESEARCH DESIGN AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE....
 The last stage will involve simple random
sampling to sample households from the
sampled blocks.
 The sampling frame will be the village registry
books containing list of households that will
be used as sampling units.
17

18. SAMPLING DESIGN AND PROCEDURE CONT…
 For key informants a purposive sampling
technique will be adopted.
Sample size
 Sample size for this study will be determined
using the Yamane’s (1967) formula;
𝒏 =
𝑵
𝟏+𝑵(𝒆) 𝟐
 Where,
n is the sample size, N is the population size,
and e is the level of precision (5%).
18

19. DATA COLLECTION
Primary Data collection
 Direct observation
 Key informant interviews (Elite Interviews)
 Household survey
Secondary data collection
 Different sources – books, journals, research
papers, pamphlets, web-based literature and
relevant reports.
19

20. OBJECTIVE-METHODOLOGY MATRIX
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Objective 1: To identify factors that lead to human-elephant conflicts (HEC) in
western Serengeti area.
Data to be collected Data collection
techniques
Data analysis
-Occupation, education
level, Income, Distance
from PA boundary.
1. HHQs 1.Binary logistic regression
Yi=(exp(β0+β1X1)/(1+exp(β0+β1X1
))
Where;
Yi= Binary dependent variable (0=Absence
of HEC, 1=Presence of HEC); βo= Y-
intercept; β1= Coefficient of predictor
variable; and X1= Predictor variable.
2.Descriptive analysis (eg:
Frequency, Mean, Percentage)
Objective 2: To examine losers and gainers in the human-elephant conflicts.
-Number of
incidences (Deaths,
Injury, Crop raiding).
1.HHQs
2.Checklist
1.Descriptive analysis (eg:
Frequency, Mean, Percentage)

21. OBJECTIVE-METHODOLOGY MATRIX…
21
Objective 3: To identify the new approaches and techniques to be applied
for prevention and mitigation of human-elephant conflicts (HEC)
in western Serengeti area.
Data to be collected Data
collection
techniques
Data analysis
-New approaches and
techniques.
-Number of respondents opted
the New approaches and
Techniques.
-Number of respondents willing
to pay for opted methods.
1. Direct
observation
2. HHQs
3. Checklist
1. Content analysis
2. Descriptive analysis (eg:
Frequency, Mean,
Percentage)
Objective 4: To determine barriers toward approaches and techniques for
managing human-elephant conflicts (HEC) applied in western
Serengeti area and how can be addressed.
-Challenges, Income,
Education level
1. HHQs 1. Descriptive analysis (eg:
Frequency, Mean,
Percentage)

22. SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
 The whole work from proposal development
to dissertation submission is expected to
take seventeen months, from April, 2017 to
August, 2018.
22

23. SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES…..
ACTIVITY TIME FRAME
2017 2018
Apr May Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Proposal
development
&correction
Proposal
presentation
for
comments
Data
collection
Data
processing &
analysis
Dissertation
write up 23

24. SOURCE OF FUND AND BUDGET
 The Research Project will be funded by
Singita Grumeti Fund (SGF). The budget
breakdown for the whole research will cost a
grand total of TShs. 5,660,000/=
24

25. SOURCE OF FUND AND BUDGET…
S/N Activity Unit No of Unit Unit cost Total cost
1.0 Transport
1.1 Bus fare from Morogoro to Ikorongo-Grumeti Game
Reserves
Trips 2 150,000.00 300,000.00
1.2 Transport in the field (Motorcycle hiring) Days 50 15,000.00 750,000.00
Sub total 1,050,000.00
2.0 Allowances
2.1 Researcher (Assistant) Days 90 20,000.00 1,800,000.00
Sub total 1,800,000.00
3.0 Communication
3.1 Mobile phone and Internet services voucher various 100,000.00 100,000.00
Sub total 100,000.00
4.0 Secretarial services, stationeries, tools and equipment
4.1 Printing and photocopying charges various various various 200,000.00
4.2 Field guide book Each 1 50,000.00 50,000.00
4.3 Pens and Pencils Each 10 1,000.00 10,000.00
4.4 Soft binding and Hard binding various various 200,000.00 200,000.00
4.5 Global Position System (GPS) Each 1 300,000.00 300,000.00
4.6 Digital Camera Each 1 150,000.00 150,000.00
Sub total 910,000.00
5.0 Accommodation
5.1 Meals and Accommodation Days 120 15,000.00 1,800,000.00
Sub total 1,800,000.00
Grand total 5,660,000.00 25

26. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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