1. COMPILED BY :
Diya Sarkar
Tulika Basak
Ruchi Kumari
Shuvra Shekhar Roy
Shuchishloka Chakraborty
(SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
KIIT UNIVERSITY – BHUBANESWAR)

3. “Agriculture is the
BACKBONE of India”Period Growth
in Total
GDP
Growth in
Agriculture &
Allied Sector
GDP
2007-08 9.3 5.8
2008-09 6.7 0.1
2009-10 8.6 0.8
2010-11 9.3 7.9
2011-12 6.2 3.6
2012-13 5.0 1.8
Growth in Total GDP & that in the GDP of
agriculture &allied sectors at 2004-05 prices
(in percent)
Year GCF GDP GCF as a %
of GDP
2005-06 86604 594487 14.6
2006-07 92057 619190 14.9
2007-08 105741 655080 16.1
2008-09 127127 655689 19.4
2009-10 133162 660987 20.1
2010-11 131224 713477 18.4
2011-12 146578 739495 19.8
(Rs. In Crore)
India’s Yield < Other countries’ yield
India’s paddy yield/hectare is less than
Bangladesh , Myanmar and Egypt
Total Factor
Productivity
for Rice
INDIA CHINA
2% p.a 6% p.a

4. Agricultural growth is a
concern for policy makers
and some 2/3rd of Indians
depend on RURAL
employment for living
Lack of
water
Drought
Flood
CROP
FAILURES
CHALLENGES
Traditional and
Environmental Issues
Economic and Infrastructural instability
Jeopardization of
environment and
economy
Poor seed quality
Poorly maintained
irrigation
Lack of good extension services
Lack of organised retail and
competing buyers
10-20% of the consumer capita is
provided to the Indian farmers
whereas farmers of developed
countries get
64-81%
Scientific issues
Logistic crunch
Increase in
cost
Price risk Uncertainty
OVER
REGULATION
OF
AGRICULTURE

5. ILLITERACY SOCIO-
ECONOMIC
BACKWARDNESS
SLOW PROGRESS in
implementing land
reforms
inadequate and
inefficient FINANCE
INCONSISTENCY of
Government policy
DEBT
Average size of land
holding is less than 2
hectare
Subject to
fragmentation
Land holdings are
overmanned,
thus resulting in
disguised
employment and
low productivity
Large subsidies
are hampering
productivity
and enhancing
investment
OVER USE of aquifers
Ground water DEPLETION
Irrigation infrastructure DETERIORATING
INCREASE in subsidized electrical power
Farmers depend on MONSOON for irrigation
INSUFFICIENT water allocation FARMER SUICIDES

6. Clamshells
Aglime
Hydrogel
Vesicular –
arbuscular
mycorrhiza
Legumes
JEOPARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY
Restoration
Techniques
Sawdust,
Wood chips,
composted
leaves,
Cotton seed
meal, peat
moss
Acidity Hardwood
ash, crushed
marble,
crushed
oyster shells,
Agricultural
lime
Alkalinity
Household, Livestock,
Industrial waste water
Collected in Closed Reactors
(Anaerobic conditions, pH, Temperature are
maintained)
Molasses (waste products) from
sugarcane industries collected &
added(dry molasses MANTHAN –ED
into powder form)
Specific bacterial cultures(
S.oneidiensis) are added , molasses
contain sucrose which act as a
nutritive medium for bacterial strains
(under anaerobic conditions,
bacteria will consume molasses
using the waste materials as the
electron acceptors which will hence
get degraded)
Downstream processing:
Extraction of the treated wastewater
after separation of biomass
Water channelized to various
irrigated lands through canals

7. Appointment of
ag-lawyers,
agricultural
infrastructure
officials &
economists by
RURAL
MANAGEMENT
SECTOR
Trainer -
People from
social
science
background
Selection Criteria & Training Methodology
Rural Youth Researchers
Selection
Criteria
Minimum 10+2
qualification
Language skill to connect
with common people,
selected from near by
agricultural institutes
and research panels
Training Impart basic
English/Hindi language
skills, educating them
about social ethics,
help molding them into
compassionate minds
to consider the
farmer’s problems as
their own
Developing
demonstration and
explanatory skills for
simplified and efficient
understanding
Potential
Interest
Employment
generating self-
confidence and
creating a purposeful
motive
Execution of feasible
research ideas in
practical field

8. Saw dust/Coco Peat + whey enhance the productivity of land
• Annual
production
of 1.2
million
tones of
chhanna in
India
• Generates
approx. 8
million
tones of
whey as a
by-product
• Dumped as
waste in water
sources causing
eutrophication
Nutrient lb. per 100
gal of whey
Nitrogen(N) 1.22
Phosphorus(P) 0.40
Potassium(K) 1.46
Calcium(C) 0.29
Magnesium(M) 0.05
Sodium(Na) 0.42
Chlorine(Cl) 1.00
NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS of whey
proves it beneficiary to use as a
carrier material for microorganisms.
•Preferable Microorganisms used: Rhizobum,
Azotobacter, Azospirillium, Cyanobacterium
Whey leaches PO4-3 from rocks PLANTS
Good adhesion properties
The solution of whey and water should be
sprinkled on the ground and not over the
foliage
WHEY pH = 4.0 - 6.1
•In whey,
C:N=20:1 -> allows slow
delivery of N2
•Whey : Water = 1:1 should be
used, as excess causes
environmental degradation
and depletion of nutrients
CARRIER MATERIALS
COCO PEAT –
Porous and
doesn’t get
overwatered
easily
pH range (5.5-6.5)
matches with that
of whey
Microbes can
easily adhere to
the carrier
material and
utilize the
nutrients of whey
Compressed coco
peat is aerated by
the addition of
liquid whey that
makes it moist

9. Azospirillum Rs 40/kg
Phosphobacteria Rs 40/kg
Rhizobium Rs 40/kg
Azotobacter Rs 40/kg
VAM Rs 30/kg
EXPENDITURE
Capital Investment Operational cost
Total estimate for starting a biofertilizer production unit with
the capacity of 150 metric tonnes/annum
Building including
cost of Site
Equipment
& Apparatus
Administrative
expenses
Miscellaneous
expenses
Interest on loan
and depreciation
Travelling
expenses
Working
capital
Staff
salary
Labor Electricity
(in lakhs)
12.00 41.00 10.00 2.04 2.50
0.700.50 0.50
0.50
0.26
Total (Variable cost) – Actual Initial Investment –
Total Investment –
17.00
70.00 50.00
Cost of Biofertilizers

10. RURAL
MANAGE-
MENT
SECTOR
PANCHAYAT
AGRICULTURAL
INFRASTUCTURE
OFFICIALS
AG LAW ENFORCEMENT
OFFICIALS
ECONOMISTS
WILLING FARMERS
RESEARCHERS AT
AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTES
RURAL YOUTH POPULATION
Forming backbone of the framework and educating the
farmers
Sowing seeds of advanced methods to reap a lucrative
production and yield
Farmers giving way to new techniques for better harvest
Planning the budget and finance of introducing the technical and
scientific reforms
Exercising laws to safeguard the economic and social gains of
farmers and for proper land acquisition
For proper allotment of irrigation, machinery, seeds, fertilizers,
storage and transport facilities
Bridging the gap between local farmers and people aimed at extending
facilities and generating a proper know how of agriculture among them
Responsible for allocation of resources and appointment of people at
various levels
STRUCTURE

11. Working of the model organization towards a common problem faced by most of the farmers:
HYV Seeds & use of GM Crops:
Problems faced: Solutions:
New technologies lock farmers into buying costly seeds
while encouraging resistant weeds and insects and not
delivering the promised yields, thereby, increasing the use
of weed killers.
• Government schemes for first time seed users
supplemented with other supplies, wise implementation
enabled by Rural Youth Population(RYP) helped by the
researchers
•Rural credits are required for the purchase of inputs which
lands the small farmers into debts and loss of farm land,
thereby, increasing the economic rift between poor and rich
farmers.
•Formation of cooperatives to combine small land-holdings
for effective application of new techniques under the
supervision of infrastructural officials, equal distribution of
profit and resolution any land dispute as under the ag
lawyers
•Use of HYV seeds by rich farmers results in augmented
yield and dropping market prices which risks the survival of
small farmers.
•Solution 1 is applicable here to prevent farmers from the
vagaries of market instability
•Change-resistant farmers have high risk of failure and lack
dexterity to apply new techniques, believe in traditional
practices
•generating encouragement and awareness by the RYP and
WILLING FARMERS, gaining confidence from the practical
demonstration of new techniques
•Traditional farmers view GM crops as unnatural and do not
believe in manipulating nature.
•Nullifying any adverse impacts intended at nature by
explanations given by knowledgeable RYPs

12. Poses the risk of making
the land anaerobic if
application rates exceed
10,000gal/acre.
Cannot be applied where
the risk of groundwater or
surface water
contamination is high.
Delay in planting for one
week or more after
application.
CHALLENGES TO PROPOSED SOLUTIONS:
Possible difficulties in functioning of
the organization:
Conceptual risks of using whey as a
biofertilizer component:
Difficulties in proper funding from
government due to the pre-existing
but yet non-functional solutions
Curbing black market and middlemen
activities at infrastructure distribution
stage to abide by the egalitarian
concept of the organization.
Farmers face problems in forming a
cooperative that involves the
partnership of different castes.
The major question that crops up is
that who will be the principal
beneficiaries and what obligations
they have to compensate the losers.

13. APPENDIX
REFERENCE
 ORGANIC FARMING :: Biofertilizers Technology - www.agritech.tnau.ac.in
 Black Strap Molasses Fertilizer | Agriculture Solutions - www.agriculturesolutions.ca
 NATIONAL RURAL LIVLIHOOD MISSION – A CASE STUDY.pptx
 Government of India, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture
agricoop.nic.ina