Irrigation development and agricultural water management in Africa: transitioning implementation for sustainable adaptation

Irrigation development and agricultural water
management in Africa: transitioning
implementation for sustainable adaptation
Thursday, 15 October 2020 (11:00-13:30 GMT)
Développement de l'irrigation et gestion de l'eau
agricole en Afrique: mise en œuvre de la
transition pour une adaptation durable
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Jeudi 15 octobre 2020 (11h00-13h30 GMT)
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Dr. Ahmed Elmekass
Coordinator African Union-
SAFGRAD
Welcome by

H.E. Amb. Josefa Sacko
Commissioner of Rural Economy
and Agriculture
Opening remarks by

Dr. Mark Smith
Director General
Opening remarks by

Dr. Mark Lundell
Regional Director for Sustainable
Development East and Southern
Africa
Opening remarks by

Dr. Abebe Haile-Gabriel
Assistant Director General and
Regional Representative for
Africa
Opening remarks by

Framework for Irrigation
Development and
Agricultural Water Management
(IDAWM) in Africa

Dr. Mure Agbonlahor
Senior Agricultural Production
and Marketing Officer

▪ Reliable access to sufficient quantity and quality water is a critical constraint to agricultural growth and
development in the Continent. Estimated that 29% more irrigated land will be required by the year 2025 in
order to sustain food production and reduce poverty on the continent (IWMI2016).
▪ High climatic variability- unreliability of rainfall (intensity and duration), widespread aridity and low
productivity with associated challenges of hunger, high food import bill etc
▪ The African Union, through a number of Decisions and Declarations (eg, 2003-CAADP, 2004-Sirte Declaration,
2006-Abuja Food security Summit, 2008-Sharm El shiek, 2013- Agenda2063, 2014-Malabo) stressed the
importance of IDAWM in driving agricultural growth and development in the Continent
The Need
agbonlahoru@africa-union.org

Purpose and Structure of the Framework
Purpose:
- support regional and country level design and review of Agricultural Water
Management (AWM) policy and strategic plans
- stimulate interest in irrigation and agricultural water development efforts by
providing a suite of development options that can be exploited
- act as a prompt for new ideas and detail in regional and country institutional
interventions and project plans
Structure
Chapter1: The Context, The Rationale, Methodology, Categorization of the
agricultural water management spectrum
Chapter2: Opportunities and Challenges in IDAWM in the continent and Lessons
learnt
Chapter 3: The development pathways- rational and key interventions needed for
success, cross-cutting development issues, Conclusion and Recommendations

The Coverage- Agricultural water management spectrum

Pathway 1
Improved water control and watershed management in a rain-fed environment
❑Rationale:
- Rain-fed agriculture covers more land
- Dominant production system practised by the majority of small holders
who represents over 80% of farm producers
❑Sustainability Proposal:
- Introduction of water harvesting techniques in response to landform,
climate and cropping preferences
- Institutional reform initiatives to achieve better coordinated local water
resource use;
- Agro-credit supports to facilitate adoption of WHC technologies
- Use of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) principles and promotion of the
related suite of approaches, tailored for local conditions, cropping patterns
and markets
- Attention to soil conservation hot-spots, including linkages with upstream
land-use and downstream irrigation abstraction requirements

Pathway 2
Farmer-led irrigation Development (FLID) Process
❑Rationale:
- Dominated irrigation expansion in the last two decades, and typically irrigate
small plots (small holder),
- Ease of integration into existing cultural practices viz multiple cropping
- Technologies are cheap, easily moved between plots and easy to maintain
❑Sustainability Proposal:
- Institutional and legal reforms eg. and tenure (land and water) security
- Elimination or reduction of import tariffs on pumps and irrigation equipment
- National standards can protect consumers interests in regard to pumping
technology (petrol, diesel) and solar energy technology.
- Knowledge development and training on usage and maintenance of small-
pumps and solar-energy technologies.
- Specific enabling water-law reforms to reduce exposure to water-tenure risks
- Access to affordable silt control and irrigation technology
- access to modern financing technology,

❑Rationale:
- In most countries, public large scale Irrigation schemes already exist, the
huge sunk cost needs to be recovered.
- Most of the large scale schemes are performing below capacity
- Modernisation of existing schemes makes sense as a priority because of
the sunk economic costs and the expectation of higher returns than for
new schemes.
❑Sustainability proposal:
- Enabling legal reforms in regard to land-consolidation
- Formalise WUO powers
- Reforms related to improving Management Operation Maintenance on
public schemes.
- Promote use of smart technologies to allow volumetric billing
- Drive attitudinal change at farmers’ level to move from socially-oriented
scheme origins to business production
- Institute private-sector/agency management of bulk-water supply systems
Pathway 3
Large-scale irrigation scheme renovation/modernisation
Pathway 3

❑Rationale:
- Water shortages are increasingly across Africa and rapid
urbanisation side by side with high water waste.
- Growth of peri-urban agriculture
❑Sustainability proposal:
- Regulatory measures to ensure safe water quality related to
different crops, and on-farm practices and technologies to ensure a
safe working environment, and adequately safe products
- Promote and adapt safety guideline, to the social, technical,
economic, and environmental circumstances of the countries.
- Strong campaigns on awareness creation and public sensitization on
treatment and use of waste water for irrigation
- Research, knowledge development and application of measures to
ensure safe use of waste water for irrigation
Pathway 4
Unconventional water use for irrigation (waste water treatment, recycle and reuse)
Pathway 4

As with all Continental blueprint, The IDAWM framework
acknowledges:
- A demand and opportunity for the expansion and intensification of
AWM practices across the continent.
- The significant diversities in agro-ecological conditions, status of AWM
schemes and the capacities for initiating, planning and implementing
the options across the continent.
- similarities in the challenges facing irrigation development and AWM
across Africa
- The Pathways proposed in the Framework are not mutually exclusive
- The sovereignty and sovereign equality of MS as duly emphasized in
the Constitutive Act of the African Union.
- That all MS have the right to decide on and adopt their own policies
and sector development agendas.
The Understanding

Thanks
Obrigado
Merci
Shoukran

Introduction to the 4 pathways

Pathway 1: Improved water control and watershed
management under rain-fed farming
Prof. Nuhu Hatibu, AGRA
Pathway 2: Farmer Led Irrigation Development (FLID)
process
Dr. Gabriella Izzi, The World Bank Group
Pathway 3: Irrigation Scheme development and
modernization
Dr. Jonathan Denison, Independent consultant
Pathway 4: Unconventional water use for irrigation
Dr. Josiane Nikiema, International Water Management
Institute

Pathway 1: Improved water
control and watershed
management under rainfed
farming
Prof. Nuhu Hatibu
Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa
Dr. Boubacar Barry
Initiative Prospective agricole et rurale

KEY challenges to effective AWM
Tarpaulins
Hermetic Bags
Mechanical Threshing
With a focus on managing rainwater
➢ Very low Levels of Planning for effective and sustainable use of
rainwater on the watershed; leading to:
❖ Wastage, conflicts and misallocation of resources especially
rainwater, and
❖ Zero-sum competition among sectors (crops, livestock, forestry,
energy, domestic water, wildlife, aquaculture, etc.)
➢ Limited Investment (public and private) in watershed management
initiatives such as rainwater water harvesting and storage
➢ Low Levels of Adoption of knowledge-based precision management
of water in rain-fed farming
➢ Limited Forecasting and/or insurance of seasonal rainfall variability,
to enhancing resilience of rain-fed agricultural systems
➢ Inadequate institutions and institutional capacities for dealing with
the required planning and management of watersheds and their
land and water resources

➢ Under-utilizing its huge land potential for agriculture and food, and is thus increasingly dependent on
imports for the rapidly growing food demand/markets in the urban areas – leading to annual food imports
(into SSA) worth >$35 billion and raising;
➢ Registering lowest yields due to failure to achieve optimal returns to land, improved varieties, certified
seed, and fertilizers, due to dry spells during the cropping season;
➢ Losing in the competition for financing (equity and debt) and the youthful labour – for rainfed farming;
➢ Slow in ensuring and sustaining supply of nutritious food for balance diets, for a population that could
reach 2 billion by 2050;
➢ Facing sub-optimal resilience in its agricultural and food systems, in the face of:
o Shocks emanating from climate variability & change, pests & disease, and market fluctuations &
failure; and
o Risk aversive financing systems.
Consequently, SSA is….

Policy environment & required change
Rainfall is often adequate in volume, to quadruple productivity
of rain-fed agriculture. The problem is variability in timing and
rate of fall, which requires prioritization of rainwater harvesting
and storage. However, this is a critical policy gap, because:
❖ There is often no specific policy targeting management of
water on the farm (one key indicator of this – is the limited
mechanized sub-soil tillage and the focus on seed, fertilizers
and the disc plow)
❖ The local runoff (on the farm, in gullies, in temporary
impoundments and in shallow wells), is rarely counted
and/or managed as water.
❖ There is a wide divide in the public institutions overseeing
agriculture, water resources, land resources and the
environment
Leading to limited public investment and/or support to the
private investment in rainwater harvesting and storage for
supplementary irrigation. Fluctuations in food production
Dry spells
of varying
duration
Erratic
rainfall
onset
High
variability
of rainfall
patterns

Which brings us to our additions to the key interventions
prioritized by the IDAWM Framework
1) Put the modern ICT (remote sensing; GIS, Big Data and IoT) to use to improve forecasting of rainfall and
production of season-specific guidelines for water control and watershed management in rain-fed
farming
2) Link the public sector investment in physical infrastructure (such as roads), to RWH that support SHFs’
efforts to increase water available for intensification of rain-fed farming.
3) Add weather-indexed insurance to the tools for adaptation and managing climate change, especially to
underwrite the constant need to improve technologies and practices as climate changes.
4) Allocate resources based on critical comparisons of return to investment of irrigation vs improved rainfed
water management
5) Support efficient access to technology, enabled by:
✓ Enhanced knowledge of the farmers through promotion, demonstrations and capacity development;
✓ Smart financing systems;
✓ Involvement of local SMEs in R&D focused at technology prospecting, adaptation and diffusion; and
✓ The building of capacities and interests of the youth to drive the leapfrog in technologies – especially
in the ICT systems mentioned above.

Way forward in galvanizing investment
1) Prioritize complementary Public sector investment in resources
governance; capacity building of individual farmers and their
institutions; and infrastructure along the entire value chain to
enhance access to markets and drive commercialization of rain-
fed farming;
2) Attract private sector investment especially by SMEs supplying
inputs; hire services; and access to markets;
3) Drive the development and/or implementation of supportive
fiscal regimes removing/minimizing barriers to accessing finance
(esp. equity) for SHFs and relevant businesses supporting them;
and
4) Develop relevant and innovative business models for specific
target groups of smallholders and SMEs (aka the Hidden Middle).

Identify the main difficulty to implement this pathway in your
country?/ Identifiez la principale difficulté avec l'utilisation de
cette voie d'irrigation dans votre pays.
1. Policy and regulatory / politique et réglementation
2. Operational costs and financing/ Coûts opérationnels et
financement
3. Reaching scale and Market access/ Échelle et accès au
marché
4. Technical adaptiveness, management and use /
Adaptabilité technique, gestion et utilisation
5. Knowledge/capacity to support implementation/
Connaissances / capacités pour appuyer la mise en œuvre

Pathway 2: Farmer-led
Irrigation Development
(FLID) process
Dr. Gabriella Izzi and Dr. Regassa Namara
The World Bank Group
Dr. Olufunke Cofie and Dr. Petra Schmitter
International Water Management Institute

What is the FLID process
Water close by
Produce to sellIndividual smallholder farmer or
small group
Put their own money
Not one irrigation technology

FLID process is happening across Africa
Future expansion:
Small-scale infrastructure: 70-80%
FLID
While individual farmers are
mostly small, they occur in
massive numbers

The public sector can catalyze FLID process
Faster
Scale up
Central Ministries, Local Governments, irrigation agencies, …
Inclusive
Sustainable

Public sector: from implementers to facilitators

Which public intervention?
Understanding the potential for
FLID process
Understanding barriers in the
enabling environment
Public interventions should:
• adapt over time
• look for trade-offs and synergies
• consider risks of unintended
outcomes

Making irrigation more affordable
Finance:
• Subsidy to investments
• Provide guarantees to financial institutions
Technology:
• Facilitate technological innovation
Policy and legal:
• Reduce import tariffs on equipment
Markets:
• Strengthen relationship between farmers
and value chain actors
Knowledge:
• Adaptive learning and knowledge sharing

Takeaways
• Potential scale impact is massive
• Not one solution
• Data is powerful
• Be a catalyst for change

Pathway 3 : Irrigation
scheme development and
modernization
Dr. Jonathan Denison
Independent Consultant
Mr. Valere Nzeyimana
FAO Regional office for Africa
Prof. Bancy Mati
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology (JKUAT)

Small- and medium-
scale schemes
- public or private
- community-managed
Large-scale public
schemes
- public
- agency managed
Individually
managed systems
e.g. high value cash crops
(1 ha), Buzi Delta, Mozambique
Corporate
irrigation farms
for cash crops
e.g. Kenana Sugar Estate,
Sudan (300,000 ha)
Humid : rice production
Dry : cash crops
Mostly gravity-fed
with wide range of crops

20th Century realities
• Flood irrigation schemes dominated - surface
methods not likely to change in Africa
• Mostly old – 30 to 60 years
• Water resource from 1960’s to 1990’s has
changed – sectoral allocations, climate-change
• Centralized-management history - farmers had
little voice and were largely controlled
• Biggest failures linked to pumped systems,
especially fossil fuels
• Irrigation development for social and
settlement reasons – not business
• Cut-and-paste irrigation thinking – design and
management …
A quick look back …. and then to the future
Rehabilitate-neglect-rebuild cycle
a ‘wicked’ problem

Reframe the
‘modernization’ approach
• Service-oriented irrigation
scheme governance
• Market-farming for financial
sustainability
• Water productivity as an
overarching goal
• Infrastructure serves these
agendas
farmersoperator

Service – oriented governance
• Legal environment – rights &
responsibilities
• Realistic service-levels agreed
• Payment based on delivery of services
Farmer participation with agency
• Power in rule-making & designs
• Realism about OMM delegations –
capacity and organizational overload
• Responsibilities limited to tertiary and
perhaps secondary levels?
Irrigation organization managing 400 ha scheme in
East Africa - affordability to pay and willingness to pay
are low – water supply is unreliable so why pay?
Representation and inclusiveness have to be tackled to
achieve equitable service provision

Governance - bulk-supply
realities !!??
Irrigation agencies have historically
performed weakly across Africa -
with exceptions
Private sector operational
involvement in PPPs has been poor
- need low-risk solutions in a
smallholder farming context.
Management contracts where
Government carries most of the
risk.

Governance - bulk-supply
Agri-business lease &
operator
• Block leasing to agribusiness
estates who provide water
services smallholders
• Land-mapping and institutions
for formalization of medium-
term leases
Smallholder
irrigators
Agri-estate & operator

InfrastructureAgronomy
Actions guided by water productivity
and water-use efficiency
Invest in irrigation agronomy - crop /
financial / labour productivity
Modernize with emphasis on water control
- infrastructure and organizations
- ICT for monitoring & compliance
Efficiency ?! Focus where greatest returns
- transmission : pipelines replace canals
- non-recoverable fraction
Irrigation
Organizations
Business
farming

Is the data available ?
• Area and type
• Location
• Technologies
• Agric enterprises
• WUAs IOs Agencies
• Condition
• External realities (access)
• Cost-benefits
Is the policy and legal
environment enabling?
• Governance – WUAs IOs and private
sector involvement
• Priorities – aligning water availability,
economic and poverty objectives
• Formalization of tenure
Looking forward
Service-oriented strategy where farmers
(inclusive of all farmers) are the
decisionmakers and
… with attention to:
• Private sector as bulk-water operators
• Water productivity
• Markets and farm profitability
• Green (solar) energy for pumping
• Conjunctive use for reliability

Pathway 4: Unconventional
water use for irrigation
Dr. Josiane Nikiema
International Water Management Institute
Dr. Hans C. Komakech
Centre Director of WISE – Futures

Key unconventional water sources with potential for irrigation
Irrigation water
Direct irrigation (controlled or uncontrolled)
2. Gray wastewater from
Stormwater runoff drains
3. Fecal sludge
1. Wastewater from
sewers
Nutrient or
organic matter
Groundwater
recharge

1. Wastewater
from sewers
Usually connected to wastewater
treatment plants (more or less functional)

Treated Wastewater use in selected countries (2018)
Algeria Morocco Senegal Egypt
Number of
Treatment Plants
188 WTPs
✓ 8 tertiary
✓ 17 WR
121 WTPs
✓ 66% WSP,
✓ 14% activated sludge
14 WTPs
✓ Also 14 Fecal Sludge
Treatment Plants
358 WTP(yr 2013)
✓ 11% WSPs,
✓ 75% activated sludge
Volumes treated
(Mm3/year)
123 314 7 (in 2012) 3,000-3,650
Percent reused
directly
7% ✓ 15% generation
✓ or 45% of treated
fractions
0.50 Mm3/year in Thiès;
0.46 Mm3/year in Dakar
19-23
Irrigated surface
(ha) – Actual
(potential)
11,062
(Target 100,000
by 2030)
2,000 60 4,478 (potential 37,000 for
public sector initiatives)
Use of treated
wastewater
• Trees
• Agriculture
• Green parks and golf
courses
• Agriculture
• Groundwater recharge
• Tree irrigation
• Landscaping
Wastewater management and sanitation provision in Africa Atlas, In press
Direct irrigation could be part of a Formal Irrigation Scheme development – Pathway 3

Algeria Morocco Senegal Egypt
Guiding
regulations
• Law 05-12 (2005)
permits Treated
wastewater use in
irrigation
• Decree 07-149
(20/05/2007) defines
conditions for treated
wastewater use in irri-
gation; supported by
the ministerial decree
of 02/01/2012
• Decree 2-97-875
defining conditions of
treated wastewater use.
• Restrictions on
irrigation systems for
different water qualities
and crops
• Article R30 sets
condition of
reuse of water
• Standard
inspired from
WHO
guidelines.
• Egyptian code (ministerial
decree No. 171/2005)
defines conditions of treated
wastewater use in
agriculture (e.g. it prohibits
the use of raw wastewater)
• Law 48/1982 imposes limits
on agricultural uses of
treated wastewater.
Implementing
institution(s)
National Sanitation Utility • National Water and
Electricity Utility
• Ministry of energy,
mining, Water and
Environment
• Municipalities
National Sanitation
Utility
Holding Company for Water and
wastewater and its affiliates:
Ministry of Water and
Wastewater utilities and
Ministry of Agriculture & land
reclamation
Financing of
wastewater
treatment
plants (O&M)
Public sector Public and private (mostly
golf courses) sectors
Public sector Public sector
Wastewater management and sanitation provision in Africa Atlas, In press

Benefits, risks and lessons from implementation of treated
wastewater reuse
Positive Impacts Risks Lessons
Environmental
• Nutrient short-
circuiting
• Pollution reduction
• Conservation (trees)
• Industrial wastewater and
emerging contaminants may not
be safe in agriculture.
• Environmental risk from poorly
treated wastewater
Careful monitoring to minimize long term
negative impacts
SocialandHealth
• Benefit of leisure
parks and Golf
tourism.
• Jobs and livelihoods
• Health risk from poorly treated
wastewater
• Social stigma associated with the
wastewater reuse
• Need to manage negative perception
and potential stigmatisation through
appropriate awareness and education
programs
• Sanitation safety planning must be
implemented to safeguard public
health
Cost
recovery
Potential for Private
sector support the
management of the
treatment facility
Difficulties in aligning wastewater
selling rates with the O&M cost of
the water treatment and transfer.
Many farmers call for advanced treatment
to grow highly profitable cash crops like
vegetables.

2. Untreated
wastewater from
sewers and stormwater
runoff drains
Multi-barrier Approach for Safe Use
Mostly farmer-led (Pathway 2)
IWMI, 2011

Multi-barrier Approach for Safe Use
WHO’s multi-
barrier approach
to reduce health
risks in wastewater
reuse
• This model helps to reduce risks where wastewater treatment
systems are lacking and farmers use directly or indirectly
untreated, partially treated or diluted wastewater.

E.g. Reduction of fecal coliforms on lettuce
WHO’s multi-barrier approach to reduce
health risks in wastewater reuse
Safe lettuce productRemoves 2-3 log10 units
from final product
Application of handling
safety measures in markets
Removes 1 log10 units
from final product
Application of
handling safety
measures in markets
Removes 2-4
log10 units from
final product
Application of on-farm
safety measures
Fecal
coliforms =
106 per 100 g
of lettuce
Wastewater
irrigation

Examples of incentives to trigger change for
farmers and consumers to adopt safety measures
Incentive Description
Tenure security As many farmers in peri-urban areas who use wastewater are challenged with land
tenure security, it could be used to serve as an incentive for adopting good on-farm
practices.
Credit on condition Low-interest credit could be provided to farmers applying safe irrigation methods. In
this case, there is need for monitoring farmers’ compliance with their contractual
obligations.
Premium sales prices through Quality Assurance and Branding

3. Fecal sludge treatment
and recycling
Recycling of water: not much
But there is opportunity for recycling of organic
matter and nutrients – as input for irrigation
Moyo F., 2020
Enhanced water holding capacity
Link to pathway 1 – Improved water control under rain-fed
farming

1. Carefully plan urban wastewater management to enable agricultural
reuse
• Issues such as location and land availability are critical
2. Policy and institutional framework
• Setting realistic quality standards that encourage reuse
• Adequate enforcement
• Etc.
3. Explore solutions such as groundwater recharge
Conclusion: Key actions

Polling on all 4 pathways
➢ Please take a moment to answer the poll.
➢ Use the scrolling bar to go to the next question.
➢ Submit your answer after filling in all four questions
Sondage sur les 4 voies
➢ Veuillez prendre un moment pour répondre au sondage.
➢ Utilisez la barre de défilement pour passer à la question
suivante.
➢ Soumettez votre réponse après avoir répondu aux quatre
questions

1. Which irrigation pathway is most frequently
implemented in your country / Parmi les 4 voies,
laquelle est la voie de gestion de l'eau dans l'agriculture
la plus courante dans vos interventions:
2. From the 4 pathways which one has potential for
increased use but would be relatively new in your
country?/ Parmi les 4 voies, laquelle a un potentiel
d'utilisation accrue mais serait relativement nouvelle
dans votre pays?
3. Which of the 4 pathways would be the most expensive
in terms of cost to implement in your Country?/Parmi
les 4 voies, laquelle serait la plus coûteuse en termes de
coût à mettre en œuvre dans votre pays?
4. Which of the 4 pathways would be the most technically
difficult for farmers to implement in your Country?
/Parmi les 4 voies, laquelle serait la plus difficile
techniquement à mettre en œuvre pour les agriculteurs
dans votre pays?

Update on progress and challenges of
Irrigation development in African regions
by REC representatives
Dr. Mure Agbonlahor
African Union

We hope through this webinar that we
will put our hands together to advance
the area of irrigation development and
agricultural water management in
Africa.
We look forward to continue this
journey with you!
Want to get in touch? Please contact:
Thank you for joining !
Nous espérons à travers ce webinaire que
nous mettrons nos mains ensemble pour
faire progresser le domaine du
développement de l'irrigation et de la
gestion de l'eau agricole en Afrique.
Nous sommes impatients de continuer ce
voyage avec vous!
Vous souhaitez nous contacter? Veuillez
contacter:
Merci de nous rejoindre!

Irrigation development and agricultural water management in Africa: transitioning implementation for sustainable adaptation

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Irrigation development and agricultural water management in Africa: transitioning implementation for sustainable adaptation