Presented by IWMI's Claudia Sadoff, Director General, at the Workshop on Development Impact and SDGs: Irrigation, Water Resource Management & WASH at New Development Bank (NDB) Headquarters, in Shanghai, China, on 20 February, 2019.
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Global Water Challenges - Designing Water Investments for Development Impact
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A water-secure world
Global Water Challenges
Designing Water Investments for
Development Impact
Dr Claudia Sadoff
Director General
InternationalWater Management Institute
February 20, 2019
Workshop on Development Impact and the SDGs: Irrigation,Water Resource Management & WASH
2. I. Water Challenges and Development Impacts
II. Global Response: SDGs & Water Investment Needs
III. SDG Inter-linkages, Leverage and Trade-offs
IV. Summary
Outline
3. www.iwmi.org
A water-secure world
Water challenges are as old as history...
‘Water … is the cause of
life or death,
or increase or privation,
nourishes at times and
at others does the contrary …’
Leonardo da Vinci, circa 1500
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A water-secure world
Framing the Water Challenge
Where water is
reliably available, economic
opportunities are enhanced
Where water is unreliable or
of inadequate quality, or
where water-related hazards
are present, there will be a
drag on growth
Water Challenges and Development Impacts
6. www.iwmi.org
A water-secure world
Economic & Environmental Impacts
US$94 bn/yr
loss to food
producers &
consumers
Droughts & water scarcityFloods
US$120 bn/yr
damage to
property
US$260
bn/yr losses,
including
time
Inadequate water supply
& sanitation
Risks
difficult to
monetize
Ecosystem degradation
& pollution
GWP/OECD Securing Water, Sustaining Growth. Sadoff et al (2015)
Water Challenges and Development Impacts
7. www.iwmi.org
A water-secure world
Human Development Impacts
Water Challenges and Development Impacts
Water shocks
(drought, inadequate
WASH)
Decreased yields,
food insecurity,
health impacts
In-utero and infancy
stress, stunting
Impaired growth,
reduced human
capital
Reduced wealth,
reduced empowerment,
increased fertility
Second generation
impacted
Average country’s GDP per
capita is 7% lower than it
would have been if none of
its current workers had been
stunted in childhood
Inter-generational
impacts on human
development
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A water-secure world
Political Impacts
Water Challenges and Development Impacts
Migration
Water scarcity linked to migration
(southern Iraq)
Ethnic Violence
Poor access to scarce resources
contributes to ethnic violence (Kenya)
VICIOUS CYCLE
Fragile states have made slower
progress in meeting water-related
MDGs
Riots
Water riots in drought stricken
regions (Tunisia)
THREAT MULTIPLIER
In fragile contexts water can act to
aggravate existing tensions
10. I. Water Challenges and Development Impacts
II. Global Response: SDGs & Water Investment Needs
III. SDG Inter-linkages, Leverage and Trade-offs
IV. Summary
Outline
12. Safe & affordable
drinking water for all
Proportion of Population & Rates of Change
for Basic Drinking Water Services (2015)
2.1 billion lack access
to safely managed drinking water
68 countries not on
track to universal basic water
services by 2030
10 declining
coverage in % terms
SDG 6 Synthesis Report 2018 (UN-Water)
A water-secure world
www.iwmi.org
13. Adequate
sanitation & hygiene for all
Proportion of Population & Rates of Change
for Basic Sanitation (2015)
4.5 billion lack access
to safely managed sanitation
89 countries not on
track to universal basic
sanitation by 2030
20 declining
coverage in % terms
SDG 6 Synthesis Report 2018 (UN-Water)
A water-secure world
www.iwmi.org
14. Improve water quality, wastewater
treatment & safe reuse
WHO – UN-HABITAT, 2018
• Water quality is worsening
• >80% of wastewater
discharged untreated
• Mineral fertilizers grew 10x (1960)
• Pesticide sales grew 35x
($ terms since1970)
• Livestock 3x (1970)
• Chemicals, medicines, hormones,
micro-plastics …
% of Safely Treated
Households Wastewater
A water-secure world
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15. Increase water use efficiency
& ensure freshwater supplies
• Water stress: 2bn people
& rising worldwide
• Irrigation is 70% of global water
withdrawals
• Advances in agricultural water
use efficiency key
• Also ‘non-conventional’water,
i.e., recycled wastewater,
desalination, rainwater
Water Stress
A water-secure world
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Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2016)
16. Implementing integrated water
resources management
SDG 6.5.1: IWRM
38% of countries
≥ medium-high IWRM
SDG 6.5.2: Transboundary
Cooperation
59% of basins agreements
Note:
SDG 6.5 target is “as appropriate”
Sources: UNEP-DHI, 2018
A water-secure world
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Reported IWRM Implementation
17. Protect & restore water-related
ecosystems
70% of natural wetlands lost
over the last century
Biodiversity & vital ecosystem
services
35% of terrestrial carbon
stored in wetlands
(2x amount stored in forests)
Wetland Extent Trend Index
Source: JRC
A water-secure world
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18. Selecting Water Investments
to Achieve Development Impact & the SDGs
Urban, peri-urban
& rural water supplies
Wastewater treatment
and safe reuse
Irrigation modernization
Capacity of rural
sanitation providers
Restoration of
riparian forests
Policy reforms to align
water uses
19. I. Water Challenges and Development Impacts
II. Global Response: SDGs & Water Investment Needs
III. SDG Inter-linkages, Leverage and Trade-offs
IV. Summary
Outline
20. SDG 6 is
essential
for virtually
all other
SDGs
SDG 6 Synthesis Report 2018 (UN-Water)
A water-secure world
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A water-secure world
o Information
o Institutions
o Infrastructure
Water will be a ‘currency of exchange’
across the SDGs
Managing the tradeoffs will require
investments in water management:
$
SDG Inter-linkages, Leverage & Trade-offs
22. Water is key to food, health
and poverty SDGs
A water-secure world
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Clean, reliable
drinking water supplies for
human health & productivity
Agricultural water
for food security
and rural livelihoods
23. Water is a key to resilience for cities
Source: GFDRR
2018
Fire
s
Flooding
Aging
Infrastructure
Supply
crises
Landslides Service
Interruptions
A water-secure world
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A water-secure world
Designing & Monitoring Investments
to Achieve Development Impact & the SDGs
Select Development Challenge
IRRIGATION
MODERNIZATION
To address
water scarcity,
food security,
climate resilience,
rural livelihoods
Analytics to Strengthen Design & Monitoring
TOOLS & ANALYTICS
Sustainability &
Water Accounting
Resilience to Extremes
Tradeoffs / Synergies with
other water-related projects
Policy & Institutional Analysis
Identify relevant SDGTargets
WATER
6.4 Water Use
Efficiency
OTHER SDGs
2 Zero Hunger
8 DecentWork
“Line of sight” from selection & design to development impacts & SDGs
25. www.iwmi.org
A water-secure world
o Water is fundamental to sustainable development
and achieving the SDGs
o SDGs can help select & prioritize investments
o SDGs can provide insight for investment design
o SDGs of course help monitor success
o Development impacts of water investments flow
beyond SDG 6 & across Agenda 2030
Summary