- Vaccines play an important role in One Health by preventing disease emergence, restricting pathogen spread, and controlling zoonotic disease transmission. This improves livestock productivity and livelihoods while also benefitting human health.
- Examples of successful One Health vaccination programs include using vaccines to eradicate rabies through dog vaccination campaigns and reducing human brucellosis through livestock vaccination.
- Addressing challenges like concurrent vaccine administration and improving vaccine delivery through public-private partnerships can help increase vaccination coverage and reduce costs. Vaccination is an important tool for improving animal health and welfare while also reducing antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance.
1. Better lives through livestock
The value of vaccines in One Health
Arshnee Moodley, a.moodley@cgiar.org
Antimicrobial Resistance Team Lead
Animal and Human Heath Program
BactiVac Network Meeting
Kilifi, Kenya, 10 November 2022
4. 4
How could we address AMR in the livestock sector in LMICs?
1. Changing and improving the
system (entire ecosystem) =
working on strategic opportunities
2. Changing and improving farmers
behaviours = what is desired
behaviour and to trigger farmers to
do them
5. 5
What is One Health?
One Health approach
• Interdisciplinary
• Multi-sectoral
• Collaborative
• Towards a common goal
You cannot protect the health of humans without protecting the
health of other beings
OHHLEP, 2022
7. 7
Business case for One Health
Sharing health resources
between sectors
Controlling zoonoses in
animal reservoirs
Early outbreak detection
Pandemic prevention Research & Development
D. Grace, 2014
Investment
Benefit
8. 8
One Health at ILRI
Select four technical themes (“problems”)
• Outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics
• Endemic zoonoses
• Foodborne disease
• Antimicrobial resistance
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/125264
UNEP-ILRI, 2020
9. 9
Earliest example of vaccines and One Health in action
• Mild cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox
• vaccinia virus being the source of the smallpox
(varicola virus) vaccine
Edward Jenner
(1749–1823)
10. 10
Vaccines and One Health
• Prevent disease emergence
• Restrict pathogen spread
• Control zoonotic pathogen transmission
Additional benefits of
• Improve livestock productivity (impacts on livelihoods
and food security)
• Effects on climate change
• Reduction in AMU ⇢reduction in AMR (less selection and
reduced population size?)
11. 11
Vaccines and One Health: Some examples
Livestock vaccine
↑Productivity
↑livelihoods & food security
↓ GHG emissions (per kg food)
Combi- vaccines targeting >2 diseases
↑productivity
↑livelihoods & food security
Animal vaccine
↓zoonoses
↑human health ↑Productivity
e.g. rabies, brucellosis
Livestock vaccine delivery
↑productivity
↑livelihoods & food security
Vaccination
↓AMU and AMR
↑human and animal health
↑Productivity
Single cross-species vaccine
↑human and animal health
↓zoonoses
e.g. RVF, TB
12. 12
Single cross-species vaccine for multiple susceptible hosts
• BCG vaccine in a wide range of animal
species is safe
• vaccination to control TB in domestic
livestock and wildlife (opposed to test
and cull & wildlife reservoir)
• Using adenovirus vaccine platform with
established human and livestock safety
profile + RVFV antigens
• Effectiveness in sheep, cattle and
camels
• Potential to be used in humans
13. 13
Animal vaccination to reduce zoonoses e.g. rabies
• Mass dog vaccinations to break the dog–dog
and dog–human transmission cycles
• Louis Pasteur’s live attenuated vaccine was
protective in dogs and humans
• Now different vaccines used
• Another example livestock vaccination against
brucellosis
• reduces the incidence of human brucellosis
• improve milk production (livelihoods, food
security, climate impact)
14. 14
Vaccines and reducing AMU but increasing productivity in DK
Important to note
-No new veterinary
antibiotics
-need to preserve what
we have
DANMAP, 2021
16. 16
How much would it cost to vaccinate vs. treat poultry in Kenya?
• Tetracycline = $3/100g
• Mix in 150L water for 750 birds (assuming
each bird consumes 0.2L/day)
• Newcastle Disease Vaccine (subsidized
vaccine) = $0.035/dose (mixed in water)
• For 750 birds = $26.25
• Often given with vitamins (additional costs)
• Combination vaccine ($0.09/vaccine + $0.05
vet= $0.14)
• For 750 birds = $105
Antibiotics are quick fixes
Willis & Chandler, 2019
17. 17
Addressing vaccine delivery challenges
• Concurrent administration of different vaccines against different diseases
in small ruminants can reduce vaccination costs by 70%
• Assessed the effect of co-administration of vaccines vs individual
vaccines: PPR, CCPP and goat/sheep pox (longitudinal blood sampling)
• Conclusions: No adverse effects to the co-administration and adequate
seroconversion
Manuscript submitted
18. 18
Operationalization of One Health on the ground
• HEAL: Gender sensitive, mobile One Health Units:
• front line workers providing human and veterinary health and natural resource
management services to vulnerable communities in pastoralist and agro-
pastoralist areas of Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya.
• HEARD: increased involvement of the private sector in the veterinary
service delivery
• Private vaccination service
• Community based women vaccinators
• Mobile clinical services, etc
19. 19
Role of vaccination in climate smart livestock production
antibodies in saliva that enters the rumen and
suppress the growth and function of
methanogens
Investigating effects of helmith infection and assess effects
on enteric methane emissions and productivity
Sick animal → lower productivity → higher GHG emissions/
kg animal source food produced
20. 20
Thank you very much
Acknowledge
• My colleagues
• Our funders
• Our partners
https://www.ilri.org/
Better lives through livestock
emergence of health crises arising from the human-animal-ecosystem interface, as well as research gaps; and
Guidance on development of a long-term strategic approach to reducing the risk of zoonotic pandemics
Operationalize One Health
Infectious diseases kill over 14 million people a year, Over 60% of these diseases are zoonotic, In addition, 75% of all emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infections are caused by pathogens that emerge from wild animals
Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic pathogens that often cause outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics, mainly emerging following a spillover event from wild animals into humans and/or livestock.
Endemic zoonoses that cause chronic debilitating conditions and are common among poor communities that are closely associated with livestock.
Foodborne diseases that cause acute to chronic diarrhoeal diseases and other chronic morbidities, usually through the contamination of livestock products along the food-chain.
2013: differentiated taxation on veterinary products to promote the use of vaccines. The tax rates vary : 0% for vaccines, 0.8% for narrow-spectrum penicillins and other veterinary medicines, 5.5% for other veterinary antimicrobials and 10.8% for CIA
high costs hinder adoption, Most of these costs are related to mobilization of farmers, follow-up by animal health workers pre- and post-vaccination, which make up 70% of vaccination-related expenses globally.
Brings together professionals in human and animal health and the environment to achieve better access to human and veterinary health services and sustainable natural resources management