Presented by Sirak Bahta and Derek Baker at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b
Determinants of profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in Botswana
1. Determinants of profit efficiency among
smallholder beef producers in Botswana
Sirak Bahta, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
Derek Baker, University of New England ARMIDALE , Australia
International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting
Cape Town, South Africa
16-17 June 2014
2. Outline
Background
Objective of the study
Literature review
Methodological approach
Results and discussion
Conclusion and policy implications
1
3. Agriculture in Botswana:
The main source of income and employment in Rural
areas (42.6 percent of the total population)
30 percent of the country’s employment
More than 80 percent of the sector’s GDP is from
livestock production
Cattle production is the only source of agricultural
exports
Background
2
7. Growing domestic beef demand and on-going shortage of beef for
export:
Beef export quota has been declining sharply (e.g. from 86
percent in 2001 to 34 percent in 2007 (IFPRI, 2013 ))
Problems in production and marketing into export channels
• High transaction costs
• Farmers’ preferences for keeping animals to an advanced age
• Lack of understanding of the various markets’ quality requirements
Not clear as to whether beef production is competitive
Studies have relied on household budget analysis and limited
household data
Others have concentrated on productivity of agriculture
Background
(Cont.)
6
8. Objective of the study
To derive a statistical measure of profit efficiency, thus
competitiveness, of different herd size smallholder farmers
using a stochastic profit frontier approach
Specifically the study seeks to:
• Identify the determinants of profitability and efficiency
drivers
• Measure overall efficiency score of beef producers
• Testing for the effects of farm size on efficiency both
within and between size classes
• Come up with policy recommendations to improve
competitiveness of beef production 7
9. Competitiveness relate in one way or another to
profitability
Sustained ability to profitably gain and maintain
market share (Agriculture Canada, 1991)
• Competitiveness can be measured at three levels,
macro; meso and micro-levels
• “the ability to sell products that meet demand
requirements in terms of price, quality & quantity
and at the same time ensure profits”
Literature review
8
10. • Productivity and efficiency : often cited as indicators or measures of
competitiveness or profitability.
• Measuring efficiency: potential input reduction or potential output
increase relative to a reference (Latruffe, 2010).
– Technically defined by non-parametric and parametric methods
• The non-parametric approach uses mathematical programming
techniques –Data envelope analysis (DEA)
• The parametrical analysis of efficiency uses econometric techniques
to estimate a frontier function - Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA)
Methodological Approach
9
11. • Household data, collected by survey
• More than 600 observations
Methodological Approach
Study Area
10
12. Methodological Approach
Cobb-Douglas Profit frontier function
𝜋𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑝𝑖, 𝑍) 𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑉𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 )𝑖 = 1, 2, … . . 𝑛
Dependent variable = profit normalized by output price
Independent variable = Input prices normalized by output
price(feed, veterinary and Labor), Fixed costs per beef equivalent
(Fixed capital, family labor and Land)
Efficiency drivers: household characteristics (Age, Education,
Gender, non-farm income, access to crop farm income) and
transaction cost variables (distance to markets, access to
agriculture/market information) and location variable (FMD
zone)
11
13. Results and discussion
Descriptive statistics
Variables
HZ1
(N=238)
HZ2
(N=140)
HZ3
(N=178)
Pooled
(N=556)
F-
statistics
Value of beef Cattle output (Pula
per year)
2,076.4 58,60.1 11,215.8 5,955.0 0.000
Average Beef cattle price (Pula) 1,772.3 2,081.4 2,218.7 1,993.0 0.000
Feed cost (Pula per year) 264.6 782.71 922.18 605.6 0.002
Veterinary cost (Pula per year) 296.0 565.92 1,192.2 650.9 0.000
Paid labour cost (Pula per year) 1,450.5 2,765.83 4,797.8 2,853.3 0.000
Cost of other inputs (Pula per
year)
3,53.9 725.36 1158.0 704.9
Value of fixed capital (Pula) 22,170.9 48,869.9 343,544.6 131,779.5 0.006
Total crop land area (Hectares) 4.9 6.88 7.30 6.19 0.198
Family labour (hours per month) 201.5 226.85 209.17 210.3 0.585
12
14. Variables
HZ1
(N=238)
HZ2
(N=140)
HZ3
(N=178)
Pooled
(N=556)
F-
statistics
Age of household head (Years) 58.9 59.9 60.9 59.8 0.440
Gender (% female farmers) 31.1% 22.1% 10.1% 22.1% 0.000
Education of Household head
(years)
4.1 4.24 6.62 4.95 0.000
Household Off farm income (Pula
per year)
41,372.6 48,535.9 77,728.8 54,815.6 0.000
Distance to market(Km) 28.9 29.58 61.83 39.7 0.000
Herd size (Beef cattle equivalent) 5.3 14.45 55.99 23.9 0.000
Information access (Yes=1, No=2) 73.5% 79.3% 79.2% 76.8% 0.288
FMD disease zone (Yes=1, No=2) 36.6% 39.3% 53.9% 42.8% 0.001
Crop income (Yes=1, No=2) 43.3% 52.9% 51.7% 48.4% 0.112
Credit access 1.3% 2.9% 3.4% 2.3% 0.333
Note: 1 Pula = 0.1159 USD (FNB, 2013)
Results and discussion
Descriptive statistics(Cont.)
13
18. • In general the mean efficiency of 0.58 (for the pooled
sample) implies that there is a substantial loss of profit due
to inefficiency.
• Profits could be increased through reduction in inputs costs
and improved access to crop land
• Examination of the influence of scale on profitability
yielded mixed results : details of how boundaries are drawn
between size classes are important and should be
examined in further research
• Presence of inefficiency in the study reminds that
production models that assume absolute efficiency could
lead to misleading conclusions.
Conclusion and policy implications
17
19. • Policies to improve farm profit should be directed at
Reducing input prices (encouraging farmers to engage in
feed production and extend LACs services to large farmers
with efficient control mechanism)
Improving access to crop land
Improving infrastructure such as roads (Currently only 45
percent of farmers have access to roads (IFPRI 2013) and
collection points of livestock
Encouraging farmers to engage in crop farming, particularly
in feed production
Training of farmers especially in marketing
Encouraging young farmers in beef production
Conclusion and policy implications
18