Full set of training slides for Green Innovation Center Adaptation Academy climate change and foresight training co-organized by AICCRA Themes 1 and 2 presented by Ivy Kinyua, Dorcas Jalongo Anyango and Stephanie Jacquet, AICCRA team

1. Climate smart agriculture prioritization
and policy making
Full set of capacity building slides for customization to
specific training events
Developed by Sabrina Chesterman and Constance Neely, AICCRA consultants
Customized and delivered by Ivy Kinyua, Dorcas Jalongo Anyango and Stephanie Jacquet,
AICCRA team
GIZ Adaptation Academy capacity building virtual workshops for various countries
July – August 2022

2. ADAPTATION
TO CLIMATE
CHANGE AND
NDCS

3. SESSION OVERVIEW
Framing climate resilience
and the linkages to green
innovation
Synthesis of key findings
on value chain adaptation
potential
Wider policy and
intervention context
across scales

4. The first part of this session
will define climate resilient
development, green
innovation, climate-smart
agriculture and agri-food
systems and the linkages
between these key areas.
SESSION 1
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

5. What climate change impacts have you
witnessed or been affected by?

6. CONTEXT FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ADAPTATION

7. TRIPLE CHALLENGE
1 Food security and nutrition: need for increased
quantity, quality and diversity of food,
everywhere and for everyone
2 Need to adapt to climate change
3 Need to contribute to climate change
mitigation

8. Climate-related stresses are “long-term trends
or pressures that undermine the stability of a
system and increase vulnerability within it”
Examples of climate-related stresses
include:
Decreased average annual rainfall
Delayed onset of the rainy season
Higher temperatures
Choularton et al. 2015 .

9. Climate-related shocks are “external short-term
deviations from long-term trends that have substantial
negative effects on people’s current state of well-being,
level of assets, livelihoods, safety or their ability to
withstand future shocks”
Shocks are normally acute events that either slowly
emerge (e.g., droughts) or rapidly emerge (e.g., flooding).
Examples of climate-related shocks include:
Heatwaves
Floods
El Niño events
Droughts
Wildfires
Livestock or crop
disease outbreak

10. SUPPLY CHAIN Increase in
rate of food
spoilage
resulting in a
loss of
income.
CONSUMPTION
Poor
consumer
experience.
IMPACTS OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE ON
THE FOOD
SYSTEM
Reduction in
water
available for
food
processing
plants.
Reduction
in product
quality in-
store.
Increase in
rate of food
spoilage and
wastage.
Greater need for
improved storage
and processing
facilities and costly
cold chain
Damage to
infrastructure
affecting delivery
of goods e.g.
damage to bridges
by flooding.
Volatile food
prices due to
a reduction in
productivity
and imports.
investments.
Food loss & waste Increase in
health risks due
to an increase in
prevalence of
pathogens and
pests.
Health risks
Transport
Cold chains
Water, energy availability
• Production & price
volatility

11. Other key stressors include:
Land degradation and
deforestation
Rural poverty
Lack of water
access/infrastructure
Population growth
Unequal
distribution/access to
natural resources
Gender inequality

12. KEY IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

17. How do you define climate
adaptation?

18. CLIMATE RISK
FRAMEWORK

19. IPCC CLIMATE RISK FRAMEWORK

20. KEY TERMS
Risk - intersectionꢀofꢀhazards,ꢀexposureꢀ
andꢀvulnerability

21. Risk is not just about the climate
hazard, also about the socio-
ecological system – exposure to
the hazard and vulnerability of
the system to the effects of the
hazard

22. IPCC CLIMATE RISK FRAMEWORK

23. KEY TERMS
Hazard –possible,ꢀfutureꢀoccurrenceꢀofꢀnaturalꢀorꢀ
humanꢀinducedꢀphysicalꢀeventsꢀthatꢀmayꢀhaveꢀ
adverseꢀeffectsꢀonꢀvulnerableꢀandꢀexposedꢀelements

24. CLIMATE HAZARDS OF CONCERN
• Floods • Sand or dust
storms
• Droughts
Magnitude
Extent
• Tropical cyclones
and strong winds
• Landslides
• Sea level rise
• Temperature
changes
• Changes to
seasonal patterns
• Storm surges
• Extreme
temperatures
Rate of change
• Forest fires
Africa as a whole has the highest mortality-related vulnerability coefficients for droughts and very high coefficients for cyclones and volcanoes.
Drought and floods account for 80 per cent of loss of life and 70 per cent of economic losses linked to natural hazards (WB 2010).

25. IPCC CLIMATE RISK FRAMEWORK

26. KEY TERMS
Exposure – refers to the inventory of
elements in an area in which hazard events
may occur

27. UNPACKING CLIMATE EXPOSURE
FARMING / AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL
SYSTEM
ECOSYSTEM&ENVIRONMENT
functions,services,resources
PEOPLE &
LIVELIHOODS
INFRASTRUCTURE
economic, social,
cultural assets

28. IPCC CLIMATE RISK FRAMEWORK

29. KEY TERMS
Vulnerabilitytheꢀpropensityꢀorꢀpredispositionꢀofꢀaꢀ
systemꢀtoꢀbeꢀadverselyꢀaffectedꢀbyꢀanꢀeventꢀ(IPCC,ꢀ2014)
Vulnerabilityꢀisꢀaꢀfunctionꢀofꢀaꢀsystem'sꢀsensitivity,ꢀandꢀ
itsꢀadaptiveꢀcapacityꢀ(IPCC,ꢀ2014)

30. BIOPHYSICAL VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability to climate change
of
Soils
Ecosystems
Habitats
Species

31. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY
Example - social vulnerability to
floods
Neighbourhood
characteristics
Demographics
Health
Risk perception
Socio-economic
Coping capacity
Land Tenure

32. KEY TERMS
Sensitivity - theꢀdegreeꢀtoꢀwhichꢀaꢀsystemꢀisꢀaffected,ꢀ
eitherꢀadverselyꢀorꢀbeneficially,ꢀbyꢀclimateꢀvariabilityꢀ
orꢀchange.
Someꢀelementsꢀmayꢀbeꢀquiteꢀrobustꢀandꢀableꢀtoꢀcopeꢀ
with/absorbꢀquiteꢀlargeꢀchanges,ꢀothersꢀareꢀmore
sensitive and even a small change in climate can
have large impacts.

33. KEY TERMS
Adaptive capacity - theꢀabilityꢀofꢀsystems,ꢀinstitutions,ꢀ
humans,ꢀandꢀotherꢀorganismsꢀtoꢀadjustꢀtoꢀpotentialꢀ
damage,ꢀtoꢀtakeꢀadvantageꢀofꢀopportunities,ꢀorꢀtoꢀ
respondꢀtoꢀconsequences

34. CLIMATE
RESILIENT
DEVELOPMENT

35. “Climate resilience” is the
ability to cope with actual or
expected climate-related
stresses and shocks and keep
functioning much the same way

36. CLIMATE LENS
A tool or approach used to examine a
strategy, policy, plan, program or
regulation in light of climate change

37. CLIMATE-COMPATIBLE OR CLIMATE-SMART
DEVELOPMENT
Developmentꢀwhichꢀminimisesꢀharmꢀcausedꢀbyꢀclimateꢀimpacts,ꢀ
whileꢀmaximisingꢀtheꢀmanyꢀhumanꢀdevelopmentꢀopportunitiesꢀandꢀ
deliversꢀbenefitsꢀacrossꢀallꢀthreeꢀpriorityꢀareas:ꢀclimateꢀmitigation,ꢀ
climateꢀadaptationꢀandꢀpovertyꢀeradication.

38. CLIMATE-PROOFING
Aꢀprocessꢀthatꢀmakesꢀprojects,ꢀstrategies,ꢀpoliciesꢀandꢀmeasuresꢀ
resilientꢀtoꢀclimateꢀchange,ꢀincludingꢀclimateꢀvariability,ꢀbyꢀ
Systematicallyꢀexaminingꢀprojects,ꢀstrategies,ꢀandꢀpoliciesꢀtoꢀidentifyꢀ
waysꢀtoꢀminimiseꢀclimateꢀchangeꢀrisksꢀandꢀoptimiseꢀadaptation,ꢀi.e.,ꢀ
climateꢀriskꢀscreening;ꢀandꢀ
1
2
Integratingꢀtheseꢀwaysꢀintoꢀprogrammingꢀandꢀprojects,ꢀi.e.,ꢀ
mainstreaming.

39. CLIMATE-MAINSTREAMING
Integratingꢀclimateꢀconcernsꢀandꢀadaptationꢀ
responsesꢀintoꢀrelevantꢀpolicies,ꢀplans,ꢀprograms,ꢀ
andꢀprojectsꢀatꢀtheꢀnational,ꢀsub-national,ꢀandꢀlocalꢀ
scales.

40. AGRI- FOOD
SYSTEMS

41. When we understand the
system that we are
working in, we have a
better sense of how drivers
of change impact different
dimensions of the system.

42. Food System–ꢀAꢀꢀfoodꢀsystemꢀisꢀaꢀcomplex
web of activities involvingꢀtheꢀproduction,ꢀ
processing,ꢀtransport,ꢀandꢀconsumptionꢀ–ꢀ
connecting people to their food.ꢀIssuesꢀ
concerningꢀtheꢀfoodꢀsystemꢀincludeꢀtheꢀ
governance and economics of food
production,ꢀits sustainability,ꢀtheꢀdegreeꢀ
toꢀwhichꢀweꢀwasteꢀfood,ꢀhowꢀfood
production affects the natural
environmentꢀandꢀtheꢀimpactꢀofꢀfoodꢀonꢀ
individualꢀandꢀpopulationꢀhealth.

43. DIMENSIONS AND DRIVERS OF A
FOOD SYSTEM

47. DIMENSIONS AND DRIVERS OF A
FOOD SYSTEM

48. ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVER
Land Degradation

49. THEME: AGRI-FOOD SYSTEM

50. CLIMATE SMART
AGRICULTURE

51. WHAT IS CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE?

52. CSAꢀis NOT justꢀaꢀsetꢀofꢀpractices,ꢀBUTꢀanꢀ
approach to developing the technical,
policy and investment conditionsꢀtoꢀ
achieveꢀsustainableꢀagriculturalꢀ
developmentꢀforꢀfoodꢀsecurityꢀunderꢀ
climateꢀchange.

53. WHAT IS CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA)?
Three pillars of CSA
Strengthen farmers’
capacity to adapt and
prosper in the face of
climate change
Reduce and/or
remove greenhouse
gas emissions
Sustainably increase
agricultural productivity
and incomes

55. HY ADOPT CSA?
Addresses the Addresses the
relationship between
climate change and
agriculture
Addresses food
security,
misdistribution
and malnutrition
relationship between
agriculture and
poverty
Agricultural growth
provides an effective and
equitable means for
reducing poverty and
increasing food security
CSA reduces the risk of
climate change to agriculture
as well as the contribution of
agriculture to climate change
CSA improves food
security for poor and
marginalised groups as
well as reduces food
waste.

56. WHY ADOPT
CSA?
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
• Unsustainable agricultural
practices disrupt ecosystem
functioning and associated
goods and services delivery
• This has a cost to farmers and
other natural resource users
• CSA can rehabilitate and
protect ecosystem services,
enable sustainable production,
and improve food security

57. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CSA
Multiple entry
points at
different levels
Maintains
ecosystem
services
Engages women
and marginalised
groups
1 5
2 3 4 6
Addresses
climate
change
Integrates multiple
goals and manages
trade-offs
Is context
specific

58. VARIOUS LEVELS OF CSA
Landscape
System Level
Farm Level
Requires a
cross-sectoral
approach that
considers
synergies and
trade-offs
e.g. watershed management,
restoration of degraded rangelands
e.g. crop diversification, livelihood
diversification, new varieties

59. VARIOUS LEVELS OF CSA
Regional, national
global policies
Markets
System Level Stakeholder
engagement
involving all
value chain
actors and
decision
makers is key
e.g. climate change policies, long-
term climate resilient strategy
e.g. introducing climate-smart value
chains, sustainable value chains

60. CONTRIBUTION OF VALUE
CHAIN APPROACH TO CSA
Interventions can be designed
to deliver mitigation benefits at
multiple levels within the value
chain e.g. input, logistics,
Interventions that achieve
poverty-alleviation goals are
beneficial to climate change
adaptation as they build farmers’
assets and institutional linkages.
transport, and post-harvest.
Interventions focused on storage
and market access reduce post-
harvest losses, improve productivity
and increase farmers’ incomes.

61. CSA SMARTNESS
Technologies and practices promoted for
climate change adaptation and mitigation
are categorised into different ‘smartness
criteria’:
Weather and knowledge-smart:
enerating and disseminating weather and
meteorological information to farmers assists
hem in making informed decisions – use of
technology and media
Water-smart:
Technologies and practices which minimise
yield losses due to extreme weather
conditions – e.g. rainwater harvesting and
storage, drip irrigation, drainage
management, cover crops, flood/drought
tolerant varieties

62. CSA SMARTNESS
Nutrient/carbon-smart:
Reduce GHG emissions – e.g. soil
nutrition management using
organic fertiliser, intercropping,
residue retention, manure
management, zero/minimum
illage
Institution/market-
smart:
Institutional
strengthening to assist
farmers in accessing
resources, information
and markets as well as to
address gender inequality
– e.g. inter-sectoral
linkages, capacity
building, financial
services, market
Seed/breed-smart:
High quality seeds of locally
dapted varieties and improved
livestock breeds are key to
enhanced productivity – e.g.
drought/disease/flood tolerant
crop varieties, heat tolerant
livestock breeds, pest and disease
resistant cultivars, nutrient
efficient cultivars
information
dissemination

63. CSA SMARTNESS
All climate-smart options
ultimately enhance resilience
to climate change and
contribute to food security
and development goals

64. CSA SMARTNESS
OneꢀCSAꢀpracticeꢀorꢀtechnologyꢀcanꢀcontributeꢀ
toꢀmultipleꢀsmartnessꢀcriteria
Solar-based
irrigation system
Water-
smart
Carbon-
smart

65. CSA SMARTNESS
OneꢀCSAꢀpracticeꢀorꢀtechnologyꢀcanꢀcontributeꢀ
toꢀmultipleꢀsmartnessꢀcriteria
Drought tolerant
variety
Weather-
smart
Climate-
smart

66. CSA IS CONTEXT SPECIFIC
CSA technologies and practices are site-specific
Adopting CSA at the field-level may be influenced
by institutional mechanisms, landscape
governance, resource tenure, economic, social,
ecological and climate conditions
A diversity of CSA options are developed for
various contexts, across scales, and for socially
differentiated groups (i.e. gender, age)

67. What is an example of a climate smart
practice?

68. CSA PRACTICES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Practices - the application of a
method e.g. precision farming,
intercropping, mulching
Technologies
- new materials used e.g.
improved seeds, efficient irrigation
equipment, slow-release fertilisers

69. TYPES OF CSA PRACTICES
Forestry
Soil management
Crop management
Water management
Livestock management
Fisheries and aquaculture
Energy management

70. SOIL MANAGEMENT
Soil management principles for climate change adaptation and
mitigation and enhancing resilience
Enhance soil
organic
matter for
soil carbon
sequestration
Improve soil
structure
with organic
matter
Boost
nutrient
management
Improve
soil water
storage
Control
soil
erosion

71. SOIL MANAGEMENT
Examples of climate-smart soil management practices
CONVENTIONAL CLIMATE-SMART
Practices
Organic
amendments
Reduced tillage Land restoration Cover crops
Agroforestry
Improved crop
rotations
Nutrient
management
Biochar

72. CROP MANAGEMENT
Cultivate a wide
range of species
and varieties in
associations,
rotations and
sequences
Maintain soil
health to
enhance soil-
related
ecosystem
services and
crop nutrition
Sustainable crop
production can be
Adopt
integrated
management
of pests,
diseases and
weeds
Use high quality
seeds and
planting
materials and
well adapted,
high-yielding
varieties
achieved through good
farming practices that are
based on improving
efficiencies and managing
biological processes
Manage
water
efficiently

73. CROP MANAGEMENT
Examples of climate-smart crop management practices

74. WATER MANAGEMENT
• Given the fundamental role of water in
agriculture, the scope of water
management is wide-ranging and complex
• Rain-fed agricultural systems – e.g.
water harvesting and storage, soil
management practices to retain water
• Irrigated agricultural systems – e.g.
water conveyance and application system
types, irrigation scheduling

75. WATER MANAGEMENT
Examples of climate-smart water management options at different scales
Options Field level Irrigation scheme Landscape level
(watershed/river basin)
On-farm water storage: water harvesting
Modernisation of irrigation infrastructure
Enhancing soil moisture retention capacity
X
X
X
X
Alternate wet and dry rice production system X
Integrated water resources management X
X
Riparian habitat restoration or creation in
rivers
Supplementary irrigation X X

76. LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT
Climate-smart livestock practices:
• Feed management
• Efficient management of manure
• Increasing livestock water productivity
• Reducing heat stress
• Improved breeds
• Control of animal diseases
• Improved pasture management

77. FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
Climate-smart fisheries and aquaculture
practices:
Site selection
Improved fish stock
Physical/biological structures for seal level
rise/storm surges
Weather warning systems
Water sharing systems
Plant mangrove and floodplain forests
Regulate fuel use of fishing fleets
Disease management

78. FORESTRY AND AGROFORESTRY
Agroforestry interventions allow farmers to
harvest tree products, supplement their
diets, and generate additional income
Agroforestry includes:
• Home gardens with multipurpose trees
and shrubs
• Intercropping of trees and crops
• Silvopasture
• Shelterbelts/ windbreaks/fodder banks/
live fences

79. ENERGY MANAGEMENT
The food sector accounts for around 30% of the world’s total energy consumption
The sector is highly dependent on fossil fuels, which threatens food security
EXAMPLES OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS ALONG
THE FOOD CHAIN
ON-FARM
• Adoption of renewable
energy
• Fuel efficient engines
• Precise water and
fertiliser applications
• No-till practices
OFF-FARM
• Adoption of renewable energy
• Energy efficient transport, lighting
and heating
• Insulation of cool storage
• Minimised food packaging
• Improved efficiency of cooking
devices

80. GENDER, CLIMATE
CHANGE AND
AGRICULTURE
NEXUS

81. GENDER – CLIMATE CHANGE – AGRICULTURE NEXUS
Climate change
impacts
Gender inequality
implications
Crop failure Household food provision;
Increased work load
Household fuel provision;
Increased time to collect fuelwood
Fuel shortage
Water scarcity Household water provision; Water
contamination; Increased time to
collect water

82. GENDER – CLIMATE CHANGE – AGRICULTURE NEXUS
Climate change
impacts
Gender inequality
implications
Natural disasters Women have a higher incidence of mortality
Lack of access to health care; Increased
burden as women provide care
Disease
Forced migration increases women’s
vulnerability
Displacement
Conflict
Loss of lives and livelihoods; Violence against
women

83. GENDER AND CSA
• Gender productivity gaps exist in agriculture
due to traditional gender-based discrimination,
women have fewer privileges, entitlements and
endowments
• Women face more challenges than men in
accessing, using and controlling productive
resources and services
This affects their vulnerability and adaptive
capacity to climate threats
• Closing the gender gap in agriculture would
reduce the number of hungry people by 100–150
million
• Climate change exacerbates the existing
barriers that women face

84. GENDER –
CLIMATE
CHANGE –
AGRICULTURE
NEXUS

85. GENDER RESPONSIVE APPROACH TO CSA
Goal - to give women and men the same incentives and
opportunities to invest in or adopt climate-smart practices
Undertake gender analyses to assess:
Women’s and men’s control of assets such as land and water
Income
Labour and time to realise benefits
Access to information, credit and markets
Gender-related vulnerabilities to climate change
Understand causes of gender inequalities, social (including cultural) and
economic barriers, that can be used to inform solutions.
Such information is crucial for understanding the factors that influence the
adoption of CSA practices and technologies.

86. WHAT IS GREEN
INNOVATION?

87. KEY TERMS
Agricultural value chain - the whole range of goods and services
necessary for an agricultural product to move from the farm to the
consumer
Green value chain - a value chain that promotes the sustainable use of
natural resources to mitigate adverse environmental impacts on the
landscape and generate positive results for nature and communities
Good agricultural practices (GAPs) – are a collection of principles to
apply to agricultural production and post-production processes,
resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural
products, while taking into account economic, social and
environmental sustainability

88. KEY TERMS
Green innovation centres (GICs) - are a Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) initiative to generate
employment, raise farmers’ income, and improve farmers’ education
and skills by funding training in good agricultural practices, water
management, post-harvest processing, and entrepreneurship
Green economy - a low carbon, resource efficient and socially
inclusive economy
Greening – is the transformation of a process or practice towards a
more sustainable and resilient outcome

89. WHAT IS GREEN INNOVATION IN
AGRICULTURE?
• Aꢀprocessꢀthatꢀcontributesꢀtoꢀ
theꢀdevelopment of new
agricultural practices and
technologies
• Aimꢀofꢀreducing climate
change and environmental
risks

90. What is an example of a green innovation?

91. WHY IS GREEN INNOVATION
IMPORTANT?
• Provides a strategy to achieve environmental
sustainability and economic profitability
• Sustainable competitive advantage
• Meets customer demand for environmental
protection
• Enables farmers to use technical, input- and
knowledge-based innovations to improve
productivity, income and climate resilience in the
long term
Innovations in agriculture and food security can:
• Increase smallholder farmers’ incomes
• Boost employment along value chains (target
women and youth)
• Improve regional food supply

92. KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE IS KEY
“Whether technical or social, green innovation
requires the exchange of knowledge e.g.
through advisory services, education and
training courses”

93. CSA BUNDLING
Bundling addresses all
the farmers’
requirements by offering
a variety of CSA options
in a single basket, such
as modern technologies,
information services,
weather index insurance,
and market-related
information
Farmers have been
provided with
different CSA However, using
them in isolation
limits the
development of
holistic solutions
and minimises
benefits
This is a more
efficient
technologies,
practices, and services
to enhance their
adaptive capacity in
the face of climate
change
approach than
different entities
knocking on the
same farmer’s
door

94. CSA BUNDLING
CSA bundling involves the
integration of a diverse suite of
practices, technologies and
services to:
• Enhance farm outcomes through
optimisation
• Enhance complementarity
• Manage trade-offs
• Maximise the benefits to farmers

95. SESSION OVERVIEW
Framing climate resilience
and the linkages to green
innovation
Synthesis of key findings
on value chain adaptation
potential
Wider policy and
intervention context
across scales

96. This second session will give a
synthesis of key findings from
the analysis of country
SESSION 2
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
specific climate change risks
and potential of integrating
climate-smart adaptation into
value chains

97. KENYA
ADAPTING GREEN INNOVATION
CENTRES TO CLIMATE CHANGE:
ANALYSIS OF VALUE CHAIN
ADAPTATION POTENTIAL

98. Milk and sweet potato value
chains in Bungoma, Kakamega,
Siaya, and Nyandarua Counties

99. MAP OF THE SELECTED REGIONS

100. AGRICULTURAL CONTEXT
Agriculture is the main economic
activity in Bungoma, Kakamega,
Siaya, and Nyandarua counties
Low agricultural productivity due
to:
• Poor farming practices -
degraded natural resources
and low soil fertility
• Employing more than half
of the population in each
High poverty levels • Sub-optimal use of inputs
• Around a third of the
population in each county is
classified as poor
• Overreliance on rainfed
agriculture
Weak land tenure
Agricultural production is
dominated by small-scale
farmers
• >60% of farmers in Bungoma,
Kakamega, and Siaya counties
lack deeds to their farms
Climate change adversely
affects: • Cultural norms restrict
women’s access to land
• Crop and livestock
production and productivity
• Transport networks –
hindering access to inputs
and markets
Need for land reform and
enforcement of existing land
policies

101. FOCAL VALUE CHAINS
Sweet potato and dairy
• Important for the
Kenyan economy and
for food security
• Sweet potato – for both
human consumption
and livestock feed,
current deficit in
production
• Milk accounts for 8% of
the country’s GDP

102. LIVELIHOODS AND AGRICULTURE

103. LIVELIHOODS AND AGRICULTURE

104. CHATBOX
Are you in agreement with the
information presented in terms of
capturing the context and
livelihoods?
(yes, and… or no, because…)

105. POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
National and local-level government are aware of the adverse effects of climate change
• Policies and strategies have been developed to address the effects of climate change on
agricultural productivity
Key focus on youth and gender inclusion
Relevant policies and strategies include:
National Root and Tubers Crop Development Strategy (2019-2022) – to enhance adoption of
improved varieties and strengthen market linkages
Kenya Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy (2017-2026) – to improve climate change adaptation
and resilience
Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy (ASTGS) (2019-2029) - for a hunger and
food insecurity-free country
Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) Phase II – to promote sustainable
value chains for improved income and food security

106. POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
• County governments have developed policies and strategies aimed
at enhancing agricultural productivity through individual County
Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) 2018-2022
Implementation of the policies and strategies is impacted by:
Inadequate funds
Misappropriation of funds
Poor monitoring and evaluation
Insufficient enforcement
Need for:
Institutional capacity enhancement
Effective planning
Reduced bureaucracy

107. GOVERNANCE, INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES
AND CAPACITY
• Governmental ministries overseeing the agricultural sector and climate change mitigation and
adaptation efforts include:
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries (MoALF)
Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Irrigation
Ministry of Lands
Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD)
Kenya Forest Service (KFS)
Kenya Forest Research Institute (KEFRI)
National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)
Kenya Dairy Board (KDB)
Department of Cooperatives and Marketing

108. GOVERNANCE, INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES
AND CAPACITY
State institutions have regional offices in most counties
County governments lack guidelines for enforcing some of the policies and programs
There a several NGOs; faith, community, and farmer-based organizations; and research institutions
working in the sector, some include:
GIZ
Technoserve
Kenya Red Cross
Self Help Africa (SHA)
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
• International Potato Centre (CIP)
Many of the organizations engage in participatory planning by partnering with local groups
Barriers to successful program implementation include:
Institutions working in isolation
Lack of technical, financial and human resource capacity

109. CHATBOX
Discussion question: Within the
value chains, what climate
change hazards are affecting
them.

110. CLIMATE RISK AND VULNERABILITY
All four counties are at risk of: The climate hazards will:
Reduce agricultural productivity
• Limit the livelihoods of value chain actors
• Lead to an increase in food prices
Moisture
Stress
Erratic
rainfall
Droughts
Need to enhance coping
strategies across the value
chains
Nyandarua is also
susceptible to flash flooding
Farmers said they had experienced climate change over the years,
particularly rainfall variation and drought
• Their perceptions aligned with climate modelling

111. CLIMATE RISK AND VULNERABILITY
Key climate hazards affecting the value
chains include:
Bungoma, Kakamega, and Siaya counties
will remain highly suited to sweet potato
production in the future
Sweet potato– drought and
flooding
Drought and water scarcity negatively
affects milk production:
Milk - drought and extreme rainfall
• Low availability of feed
• Increase in feed prices
• Reduced milk production and
associated income
Excessive rainfall presents both risks
and opportunities to milk production:
Increased fodder availability
Increased incidence of disease
Damage to transport networks

112. CHANGES IN SUITABILITY OF PRODUCTION ZONES
SWEET POTATO
Suitability change of sweet
potato production in Bungoma,
Kakamega, Siaya, and
Nyandarua Counties, Kenya

113. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
AND VARIABILITY
Farmers’ current coping strategies for milk
production include:
Use of local bulls for breeding
Use of traditional medicine to treat animals
Water harvesting
Soil and water conservation
Farmers’ current coping strategies for sweet
potato production include:
Diversifying production, crop rotation
Replanting after crop failure
Reliance on informal sweet potato vines during
planting
Sale of roots at the farm gate
Simple value addition
Soil and water conservation

114. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
AND VARIABILITY
Best-ranked adaptation strategies according to experts included:
• Milk - storage of hay and silage, use of good agricultural practices (GAP), and
commercial forage production
• Sweet potato - adoption of drought-resistant varieties, GAP, early warning systems
Cost-benefit analysis of the adoption of drought-resistant varieties and GAP in
sweet potato production found:
Drought-resistant sweet potato
Requires 6% higher capital
Improves yields by 200%
GAPs
Require significantly higher
capital for adoption
Improve yields by 126%
Costs associated with these innovations may restrict adoption by smallholder
farmers

115. PROMISING ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
VALUE CHAIN - Milk
Extreme
Rainfall
HAZARD Droughts
Commercial forage
production
Zero grazing
STRATEGIES
Strengthening dairy
cooperative and
farmer groups
Artificial insemination
services
New fodder varieties Storage of hay and
silage
• Storage of hay and
silage • New fodder varieties
Good husbandry
practices
• Good husbandry
practices
Strengthened dairy
cooperatives
Early warning
information

116. PROMISING ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
VALUE CHAIN – Sweet Potato
HAZARD Floods
Drought
Good agricultural
practices
Good agricultural
practices
STRATEGIES
Solar irrigation Early warning
systems
Drought-tolerant
varieties Improved market
linkages

117. SYNTHESIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Projections indicate drought, floods, and the intensity of rainfall will continue to affect crop and
livestock production in the four counties
Farmers are particularly vulnerable to climate change due to:
• Low use and high cost of inputs
• Sub-optimal use of inputs
• Poor road connectivity
• Poor information asymmetry
Farmers are making efforts to enhance their resilience by adopting climate-smart practices
Adoption of good GAPs and drought resistant varieties of sweet potatoes offer promising and profitable
adaptation strategies
• Need to upscale adoption of these innovations

118. SYNTHESIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
County-level governments need to be involved to provide basic services and improve existing
infrastructure
Need to improve:
Capacity of extension workers and veterinary care providers
Access to water, electricity, and road networks
County governments must collaborate with national government, NGOs, research institutes and
private organisations
Several federal policies offer general support for climate-smart initiatives, such as:
Climate- Smart Agriculture Strategy
Agricultural Sector Development Strategy
Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme
County Integrated Development Plan

119. SYNTHESIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Barriers to the implementation of climate change programming in Kenya include:
• Some institutions implement projects in isolation
• Need for improved coordination and cooperation among government, international, and private institutions
• Some organizations need improved technical, financial, and human resource capacity
• Local governments need guidelines and an overall implementation framework
• Other barriers include:
Weak infrastructure
Lack of storage facilities
Difficulty procuring clean seeds and vines
Land insecurity
Price fluctuations
Uncontrolled packing standards
Limited access to financial resources
• Cultural norms that restrict women farmers are a major hindrance in scaling climate-smart adaptation

120. CHATBOX
Based on the presentation,
what are the key gaps and
adaptation needs?

121. LUNCH
BREAK

122. BUNDLING IN THE DAIRY VALUE CHAIN
IN KENYA
What are Climate Smart
Agriculture practices and services
that could be bundled to enhance
adaptation in the DAIRY Value
Chain?

123. BUNDLING PRACTICES AND SERVICES IN THE DAIRY
VALUE CHAIN KENYA (EXAMPLES)
Practices
• Storage of hay and silage
• Good animal husbandry practices
• Strengthened dairy cooperatives
• Value chain actor networking
Services
• Farmer access to climate information services
• Access to financial services
• Insurance services

124. SESSION OVERVIEW
Framing climate resilience
and the linkages to green
innovation
Synthesis of key findings
on value chain adaptation
potential
Wider policy and
intervention context
across scales

125. The last part of the session
will focus on the policy context
across scales and introduce a
deeper understanding of
future thinking, foresight and
long-term transformative
planning
SESSION 3 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

126. In 2015, countries committed to three international agreements that are shaping the global
response to climate change, disaster risk reduction and sustainable development

127. UNFCCC: WHAT IS IT?
TheꢀUNFCCCꢀenteredꢀintoꢀforceꢀonꢀ21ꢀMarchꢀ1994.ꢀToday,ꢀtheꢀ197ꢀ
countriesꢀthatꢀhaveꢀratifiedꢀtheꢀConventionꢀareꢀcalledꢀPartiesꢀtoꢀtheꢀ
Convention.
Preventingꢀ“dangerous”ꢀhuman interference with the climate system isꢀ
theꢀultimateꢀaimꢀofꢀtheꢀUNFCCC.

128. KEY INSTITUTIONS AND COOPERATIVE BODIES
Conference of Partiesꢀ
197ꢀsignatoryꢀCountries)ꢀwithꢀCMPꢀforꢀKyotoꢀProtocolꢀandꢀCMAꢀforꢀParisꢀ
Agreement.
Entities entrusted with operations of financial
mechanisms
(GreenꢀClimateꢀFund,ꢀGlobalꢀEnvironmentꢀFacility)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
Scientificꢀbody.ꢀItꢀreviewsꢀandꢀassesses,ꢀatꢀregularꢀintervals,ꢀtheꢀ
mostꢀrecentꢀscientific,ꢀtechnicalꢀandꢀsocioeconomicꢀinformationꢀ
producedꢀworldwide,ꢀrelevantꢀtoꢀtheꢀunderstandingꢀofꢀclimateꢀ
change.

129. KEY INSTITUTIONS AND COOPERATIVE BODIES
Secretariat: Providesꢀorganizationalꢀsupport,ꢀtechnicalꢀexpertiseꢀandꢀinformationꢀ
flow
RegionalꢀCollaborationꢀCentresꢀEastꢀandꢀSouthernꢀAfrica,ꢀUgandaꢀ(KCCꢀKampala).ꢀ
Subsidiary bodies: SubsidiaryꢀBodyꢀforꢀScientificꢀandꢀTechnologicalꢀAdviceꢀ
(SBSTA)ꢀprovidingꢀtimelyꢀinformationꢀandꢀSubsidiaryꢀBodyꢀofꢀImplementationꢀ(SBI)ꢀ
whichꢀassessꢀimplementation.
AdaptationꢀCommittee

130. FRAMING
NATIONAL AND
REGIONAL
PRIORITIES

131. RATIONALE FOR LONG-TERM PLANNING: PARIS AGREEMENT
Article Paragraph Language
Establishes a temperature goal of well below 2oC to 1.5oC (mitigation)
Establishes a link between adaptation, resilience and mitigation
Making finance flows consistent with low emission and climate resilient development
2 1
Introduces the concept of net zero emissions (carbon neutrality) as advanced in the IPCC Special Report on 1.5oC
(2050)
4
4
1
4
Developing countries encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reductionnor limitation
targets
All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long term low GHG development strategies, mindful of
Article 2
4
7
19
1
Establishes the global goal on adaptation (GCA): enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing
vulnerability to climate change, with a view to contributing to sustainable development and ensuring an adequate
adaptation response in the context of the temperature goal referred to in Article 2.
Recognizes that adaptation is a global challenge faced by all with local, subnational, national, regional and
international dimensions, and that is a key component of and makes a contribution to the long-term global
response to climate change to protect people, livelihoods and ecosystems, taking into account the urgent and
immediate needs of those developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate
change.
7 2

132. LONG TERM PLANNING INSTRUMENTS ARE URGENT AND
NEED TO BE MORE AMBITIOUS

133. TO ACHIEVE THESE TEMPERATURE TARGETS, THE
PARIS AGREEMENT SETS OUT POLICY INSTRUMENTS
THAT COUNTRIES NEED TO DEVELOP FOR LONG-TERM
PLANNING

134. Policy planning
instruments
• Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDCs) – 2030
• Long-term Strategies (LTS)/ Long-term
Low Emissions Development
Strategies/National decarbonisation plan
– 2050
• Other climate policy instruments
(National Mitigation Action Plans,
National Adaptation Plans, climate bills
etc).

136. NATIONAL
CLIMATE
POLICIES ARE
EMBEDDED IN A
GLOBAL
CONTEXT

137. NDC’S: THE BUILDING BLOCKS FOR A LONG-TERM VISION

138. BASED ON GOOD PRACTICE ELSEWHERE, NDCS CAN BE
IMPROVED TO REFLECT AFRICA’S INTERESTS.
NDC revision
process is an
opportunity to
learn from others –
tailoring to
different national
priorities and
contexts.

139. CHATBOX
What has been your involvement in the
the development of any of the policies
or strategies in your country?

141. KORONIVIA JOINT WORK ON AGRICULTURE (KJWA)
Establishedꢀ
byꢀ
theꢀ
COPꢀ
atꢀ
itsꢀ
23rd sessionꢀ
inꢀ
2017.ꢀ
The Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture (KJWA) is a landmark decision under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that recognizes
the unique potential of agriculture in tackling climate change (FAO).
Through this decision the COP requested the SBSTA and SBI to jointly address issues
related to agriculture, including through workshops and expert meetings, working
with constituted bodies under the Convention and taking into consideration the
vulnerabilities of agriculture to climate change and approaches to addressing food
security.

142. THE KJWA IS THE ONLY PROGRAMME TO FOCUS ON
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY UNDER UNFCCC
• By mainstreaming agriculture into UNFCCC processes, the KJWA can drive
transformation in agricultural and food systems, and address the synergies and
trade-offs between adaptation, mitigation and agricultural productivity.
• It can provide concrete solutions to the climate and environmental challenges we
are facing today, including the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The KJWA complements country Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs),
National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF)
under the Paris Agreement, while contributing to the overall achievement of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

143. Elements of work include:
• Approaches to assess adaptation, adaptation co-benefits and resilience
• Improved soil carbon, soil health and soil fertility under crop- and grass-land and
integrated systems and water management
• Improved nutrient use and manure management towards sustainable and resilient
agricultural systems
• Improved livestock management systems
• Socio-economic and food security dimensions of climate change in the agricultural
sector

144. FUTURES
LITERACY

145. CHATBOX
How will you be experiencing climate
change in 2040?

146. What is your experience with the Foresight Methodology?
1.It is a new concept to me
2.I have seen a presentation or attended a webinar
3.I have participated in a training / workshop / course
4.I have facilitated a foresight process

147. How do we think about the future?

148. Future literacy
Question 1: The future is (choose
which apply): - Multiple choice
Question 2: How comfortable
are you thinking about the
future? - Single choice
1. Uncertain
2. unpredictable
3. foreseeable
4. fixed
1. Very comfortable
2. Comfortable
3. a little uncomfortable,
4. very uncomfortable
5. certain
6. controllable
7. navigable
Question 3: Thinking about the future for me is:
- Single choice
1. Too uncertain,
2. Limited but a bit abstract,
3. Comfortable on certain topics but not others,
4. I’m Confident to vision the future

149. Question 4: When you are planning for your
personal future what year do you consider
the future? - Single choice
Question 5: When you are planning for the future
through your work what timeframe do you work
with? - Single choice
1. 2022
2. 2023
3. 2025
4. 2030
5. 2040
1. 1 year
2. 3 years
3. 5 years
4. 10 years
5. more
Question 6: What processes or tools do you use for
planning for the future? - Multiple choice
5. Strategic planning
1. Personal intuition
2. Personal experiences
3. Impact pathways
4. Log frames
6. Scenarios
7. Other

150. CHATBOX
What do you think is a characteristic of a
future thinker?

151. Out of your silo
Everyone is creative
Any idea is valid
A RADICALLY
CURIOUS MIND
Jim Dator
A neutral viewpoint
Don’t hold onto old ideas
that are no longer needed

152. CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURE THINKERS
Justifiablyꢀterrifiedꢀandꢀdetermined,ꢀandꢀstubbornlyꢀoptimistic
Maintainsꢀaꢀsolidꢀvisionꢀandꢀhasꢀcapacityꢀtoꢀshiftꢀtheꢀstoryline/narrativeꢀtoꢀoneꢀofꢀpurposefulꢀsharedꢀmeaning
Thinksꢀinꢀsystemsꢀandꢀseesꢀtheꢀlargerꢀpicture
Wantsꢀanꢀaccurateꢀversionꢀofꢀrealityꢀandꢀtakesꢀresponsibilityꢀforꢀone’sꢀdestiny
Openꢀtoꢀpossibilitiesꢀandꢀcurious,ꢀintriguedꢀwithꢀcontradictions
Willingꢀtoꢀtestꢀindividualꢀbeliefsꢀandꢀcutꢀthroughꢀindividualꢀbiases,ꢀalwaysꢀreadyꢀtoꢀaskꢀtheꢀnextꢀquestion
Enjoysꢀinteractingꢀwithꢀnewꢀdataꢀandꢀꢀinformation,ꢀbalancingꢀtheꢀcreativeꢀandꢀanalytical
Groundedꢀ-ꢀtheirꢀselfꢀworthꢀisꢀnotꢀtiedꢀtoꢀhowꢀrightꢀorꢀwrongꢀtheyꢀare
Julia Galef, Scout Mindset, 2021 Tom Rivett Carnac, Ted Radio Wisdom Times, 8 traits of a Forward Thinker

153. INTRODUCTION
TO FORESIGHT

154. FORESIGHT
Foresightꢀisꢀtheꢀprocessꢀofꢀ
lookingꢀtoꢀtheꢀpastꢀandꢀ
presentꢀtoꢀenvisionꢀandꢀ
prepareꢀforꢀdifferentꢀfutures,ꢀ
whichꢀthenꢀallowꢀusꢀtoꢀmakeꢀ
strategicꢀdecisionsꢀtoday.ꢀ

155. FORESIGHT
Foresight is a set of
tools and methods to
practically help us to
move toward the
future we want

156. THREE GUIDING QUESTIONS
What seems to be happening?
What might happen?
What do we need to do?

157. 3 CORE TIME FRAMES IN A FORESIGHT PROCESS
2
Assessing
what is 3
happening in
the present Anticipating
the future
1 Back into
the past

158. The premise of
foresight is that the
future is still in the
making and can be
actively influenced or
even created

159. FORESIGHT - Key steps and stages

160. FORESIGHT - Key steps and stages

161. What seems to be happening?
What might happen?
What do we need to do?

162. LEARNING EXERCISE
EXPECTED FUTURES - COVID-19 PANDEMIC
• WeꢀareꢀallꢀlivingꢀthroughꢀtheꢀeffectsꢀofꢀtheꢀCovid-19ꢀpandemic.ꢀItꢀhasꢀhadꢀ
aꢀbigꢀimpactꢀonꢀhowꢀweꢀseeꢀtheꢀfuture.
• Inꢀthisꢀexerciseꢀweꢀaskꢀyouꢀtoꢀthinkꢀbackꢀonꢀwhatꢀyouꢀexpectedꢀtheꢀ
futureꢀtoꢀbeꢀlikeꢀBEFOREꢀtheꢀCovid-19ꢀ(driver)ꢀpandemicꢀandꢀcompareꢀ
thatꢀwithꢀtheꢀfutureꢀyouꢀexpectedꢀAFTERꢀtheꢀpandemicꢀstarted.

163. WHAT SEEMS TO BE HAPPENING?
1. Think back to what you were expecting
you would be doing in the year 2020
before the Covid-19 pandemic started.
In the chat box – can you
share with us some plans
you originally had for
2020

164. WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN?
2. Now think to late 2022, describe what you
think your working environment will look like
or your personal activities.
In the chat box
please give us an
example

165. WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO?
3. What would you have done differently – think back
to February 2020 - if you had known that Covid-19
was coming – what would you have changed in how
you planned 2020-2022.
n the chat box can you
give us an example from
work or your personal
life

166. What seems to be happening?
What might happen?
What do we need to do?

167. KEY
TERMS
Trend - isꢀaꢀ“general Megatrend - isꢀaꢀlong-termꢀchangeꢀ
thatꢀaffectsꢀgovernments,ꢀsocietiesꢀ
andꢀeconomiesꢀpermanentlyꢀoverꢀaꢀ
longꢀperiodꢀofꢀtime. e.g. growing
youth population population across
African continent
tendency” orꢀdirectionꢀofꢀ
aꢀmovement/changeꢀoverꢀ
timeꢀe.g Increasing erratic
seasonal rainfall patterns

168. In your lifetime name a
trend you have witnessed?

169. CATEGORIES FOR UNDERSTANDING TRENDS
S T E E P
Ecological /
Environmental
Social Technological Economic Political

170. EXAMPLE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL TREND
DROUGHT - SADC EXAMPLE

171. Looking across the categories below, what are some
trends that are currently affecting or may affect planning
for climate resilience or climate smart agriculture?
CATEGORIES FOR UNDERSTANDING TRENDS
S T E E P
Ecological /
Environmental
Social Technological Economic Political

172. What seems to be happening?
What might happen?
What do we need to do?

173. UNCERTAINTY IN LONG TERM PLANNING
Developing long term planning is challenging due to:
• Theꢀtimeꢀframeꢀthatꢀextendsꢀacrossꢀmultipleꢀdecades;ꢀandꢀ
• Theꢀneedꢀtoꢀdealꢀwithꢀcomplexꢀsocioeconomicꢀandꢀbiophysicalꢀsystems.

174. UNCERTAINTY IN LONG TERM PLANNING
Long term planning is subject to great uncertainty, such as:
• Futureꢀclimateꢀimpacts;
• Technologicalꢀinnovationꢀandꢀdeployment;ꢀ
• Policyꢀdevelopmentꢀandꢀimplementation
• Availabilityꢀofꢀlarge-scaleꢀsolutions;ꢀandꢀ
• Reliabilityꢀofꢀcurrentꢀdata,ꢀmodelsꢀandꢀskillsꢀtoꢀinterpretꢀevidenceꢀ

175. SCENARIOS
Scenariosꢀareꢀusedꢀasꢀaꢀmethodꢀtoꢀthink about
possible future states andꢀhowꢀuncertaintiesꢀ
mightꢀplayꢀout.
Answeringꢀ‘what if’ questionsꢀthatꢀdescribeꢀ
multipleꢀalternativeꢀfuturesꢀspanningꢀaꢀkeyꢀsetꢀofꢀ
driversꢀandꢀcriticalꢀuncertainties.ꢀ

176. When thinking about what
might happen in terms of
scenarios, we look closely
at drivers of change and
degrees of uncertainty.

177. Drivers –ꢀareꢀfactors, issues or trends that cause
changeꢀtherebyꢀaffectingꢀorꢀshapingꢀtheꢀfuture
Impactꢀ-ꢀrefersꢀtoꢀtheꢀpotential scale of impacts ofꢀtheꢀ
driver
Uncertainty –refersꢀtoꢀhow much or how clear we are
on how a driver will emerge or play out in the future.ꢀ
Highꢀuncertaintyꢀcanꢀmeanꢀhavingꢀlittleꢀknowledgeꢀofꢀhowꢀ
somethingꢀmayꢀpanꢀout.ꢀ
Critical uncertainties -ꢀareꢀdrivers that are both high
impact and highly uncertain.

178. What driver do you
hink will be highly
mpactful in your
country in the next 10
years?

179. What seems to be happening?
What might happen?
What do we need to do?

180. Once we have considered
what might happen, we want
to consider transformative
actions are needed to
achieve the future we prefer.

181. PLANNING FOR
TRANSFORMATIONAL
CHANGE

182. “Today’sꢀinterimꢀreportꢀfromꢀ
theꢀUNFCCCꢀisꢀaꢀredꢀalertꢀforꢀ
ourꢀplanet.ꢀItꢀshowsꢀ
governments are nowhere
close to the level of
ambition needed to limit
climate change to 1.5
degrees andꢀmeetꢀtheꢀgoalsꢀ
ofꢀtheꢀParisꢀAgreement”ꢀ
“UNꢀClimateꢀPanelꢀtellsꢀusꢀweꢀ
haveꢀ10 years left to begin a
radical transformation of this
civilizationꢀtoꢀmoveꢀquicklyꢀtoꢀ
aꢀzeroꢀemissionsꢀsociety…we
need a new economic vision
and a game plan ….weꢀareꢀ
movingꢀꢀfromꢀtheꢀageꢀofꢀ
progress to the age of
resilience”
–ꢀSecretary-GeneralꢀAntónioꢀGuteresꢀ
onꢀtheꢀreportꢀfindingsꢀ(Februaryꢀ
2021)
–ꢀJeremyꢀRifkin

183. KEY
TERMS
Transformational
change – includes major
long-term changes in the
way we operate and may
shift us between or into
new ‘systems’ and
Incremental change -
refers to change that occurs
slowly and without
necessarily modifying the
essence of social structures
or organizational practices.
processes.

184. We often build our plans and strategies based on actions that
result in incremental change – when we need actions that are
transformative and suitable for the future that is coming

185. TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE
The future that is coming often requires significant change
Transformative change requires sometimes radically new interventions,
policies and partnerships
It requires disruptive technology which can be defined as any innovation
that dramatically changes the way consumers, businesses and industries
operate
Moves us beyond incremental change and results in major long-term
changes in the way systems operate

186. WHAT IS A TRANSFORMATION?
“An agriculture and food systems
transformation is a significant
redistribution—by at least a third—of land,
labour and capital, and/ or outputs and
outcomes (e.g. types and amounts of
production and consumption of goods and
services) within a timeframe of a decade”

187. WHAT MIGHT TRANSFORM?
Transformational Shifts
• Markets to networks
• Transactions to Flows
• Ownership to Access
• Sellers and Buyers in negotiation
- to producers and users in networks
• Gross Domestic Product to Quality of Life
• Productivity to Regenerativity

188. CHATBOX
Based on what you know about climate
smart agriculture, can you think of an
example of “transformative” intervention
or partnership?

189. REVIEW OF
SESSION
Climate resilient development, climate-
smart agriculture, agri-food systems,
green innovation
Bundling services and practices
National Level Context on Adaptation
to Climate Change
Nested Policy Context – LTSs and NDCs
Foresight as a methodology to
integrate uncertainty into planning

190. What is your take home message from this
session?

191. THANK YOU!