Integrated Pest management in rice base cropping system
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1 A pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production) 2. it includes organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality 3. An animal or insect or other organisms that causes problems for people especially by damaging crops 4. To humans, it is anyone who others or annoys other people 5. in its broadcast sense, it is a competitor of humanity
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Integrated Pest management in rice base cropping system
- 1. Integrated Pest Management in Rice base cropping system Olumoye. E. Oyetunji Musa Room, IITA Ibadan, Nigeria. 07 August, 2015 AGRA TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR TECHNICIAN @
- 2. • Background • What is a pest? • Rice ecologies with different constraints • Pests in rice base cropping system • Research highlights on major insect pests of rice - African rice gall midge (AfRGM) - Stem borers - Termites - Vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) Research products Perspectives OUTLINESOUTLINES
- 3. What is a pest?
- 4. Descriptions • A pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production) • It includes organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality • An animal or insect or other organisms that causes problems for people especially by damaging crops • To human, it is anyone who bothers or annoys other people • In its broadest sense, it is a competitor of humanity
- 5. Category of pest • General categories: • Pest can include: Plants Animals Insects Birds Pathogens etc For example: •Insects are pests for farmers •Caterpillar are pest to crops •Flies are pest to animals •Mice are household pests etc
- 7. Agro- ecologic al zone Main biotic constraints Guinea savanna – humid forest zone Weeds Termites Stem borers Blast Guinea savanna – humid forest zone Weeds Blast AfRGM Stem borers Sudan savanna - humid forest zone Weeds AfRGM Stem Borers RYMV BLB and Blast Sahel - humid forest zone Weeds AfRGM Stem Borers RYMV BLB Biotic constraints across major rice ecosystems Upland Hydromorphic Lowland Irrigated lowland
- 8. Different Pests of rice • Pest in fields include the followings: Birds Weeds Insects Pathogens
- 9. BIRDS • Bird has been a major constraint in rice production • Damage by bird invasion can reach up to 75% of total output • The cost of bird scaring could reach up to 50% of total production costs Types Village Weaver Red-headed Quelea Bronze Mannikin Ploceus weavers
- 10. Bird control • Erect scarecrows randomly in the • Scare the bird manually • Tie old VHS tapes diagonally • Install bird nets if available • Use catapults scarecrow
- 11. WEEDS • Weeds are defined simply as plants out of place • This include any plants that interfere with the cultivation of desirable plants causing economic loss through increased production costs, or that reduce the yield and/or quality of the crop • Weed compete with crop for Space Light Nutrients Water Factors aiding weed competitiveness depends on the following influences: a) relative growth stages of rice and weed, b) nature of stand establishment (transplanting and direct seeding) c) density of planting d) rice variety (short variety vs. tall, leafy variety) e) moisture and nutrient availability Types •Grasses •Sedges •Broad leaves •Algae
- 12. Weed management Weeds can be managed through: •1. Land Preparation •2. Water Management •3. Hand Weeding •4. Hand Hoeing •5. Brushing Bunds/Peripheries •6. Crop Rotation • 7. Herbicides CATEGORIES OF HERBICIDES •Herbicides are divided into three groups, depending or the time of application: •a) Pre-planting (application before crop is planted) b) Pre-emergence (application after planting, but prior to emergence of weeds) c) Post-emergence (application after emergence of weeds) •mode of action: •1) Contact herbicides - kill plant tissues at or very close to point of contact. 2) Systemic herbicides - move wither the plant to expert affects away from the point of contact. 3) Selective herbicides - kill or stunt come plant species, with little or no effect on others
- 13. Weed management • After the establishment of the field, allow standing water to control weed • First hand weeding at 14-21 days after transplanting (DAT) • Use rice weeding handheld equipment • Second hand weeding at 40 DAT
- 14. • Promote the use of plant-based products (biopesticides) • Entomopathogenic fungi as alternatives to synthetic pesticides • Indiscriminate use of pesticides • Concerns on food, environment and natural resource management (soil, water, beneficials) Pesticide use in crop production systems
- 15. Pest management • Pest management is therefore a means to reduce pest numbers to an acceptable threshold • An acceptable threshold, in most cases, refers to an economically justifiable threshold • This is where application of pest control measures reduces pest numbers to a level below which additional applications would not be profitable • This means when additional costs of control exceed additional benefits) • Pest eradication (i.e. complete removal) is usually not a viable option.
- 16. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) • Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of wholistic approach / practices • IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment
- 17. Management options of rice insects Varietal resistance/tolerance BiopesticidesCultural practices Biological control
- 18. Africa Rice Gall Midge (AfRGM) The African rice gall midge (AfRGM), Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a serious insect pest of rainfed and irrigated lowland rice in Africa It is a bud borer and larval feeding insect causing severe damage to rice during the vegetative stages (seedling to panicle initiation)
- 19. AfRGM pupa AfRGM Adult AfRGM eggs with newly hatched larva AfRGM larva in a dissected gall
- 20. Hot spots Senegal - Djibelor nr Ziguinchor - Southwest - Sudan savanna Sierra Leone - Rokupr nr Kambia - Northwest - Humid forest zone Burkina Faso - Karfiguéla nr Bobo Dioulasso - Southwest - Northern Guinea savanna - Longorola nr Sikasso - Southeast - Northern Guinea savanna - Gadza nr Bida - Central - Southern Guinea savanna Nigeria - Ogidiga nr Abakaliki - Southeast - Derived savanna Mali Distribution of the AfRGM in Africa Endemic countries Senegal Gambia Guinea Bissau Guinea Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Mali Côte d’Ivoire Ghana Togo Benin Nigeria ChadNiger Tanzania Cameroon Malawi Sudan Uganda Zambia Countries with AfRGM incidence
- 22. Paddy screenhouse -artificial infestation Conventional ‘spreader rows’ – rows of highly susceptible variety around plots of plants being screened; newly hatched larvae deposited on ‘spreader’ plants Scores shown are mean percent tiller infestation (tillers with visible galls) recorded at 70 DAT Design: augmented with 2 replicated checks (test lines unreplicated)
- 23. Varietal Resistance What are the Issues? •High yielding rice varieties with stable resistance to AfRGM are not yet available •Are there potentially useful sources of resistance / tolerance in lowland NERICA lines and Oryza sativa to AfRGM? •TOG 5681, TOG 7106, TOG 7206, T0S 14519 are some of the resistant varieties while ITA 306 is susceptible variety
- 24. Levels of resistance / susceptibility Score SES description % Tiller infestation 0 Highly resistant 0% 1 Resistant <1% 3 Moderately resistant 1 - 5% 5 Moderately susceptible 6 -10% 7 9 Highly susceptible >25% Standard Evaluation System (SES), IRRI, 1996 Susceptible 11-25% Percent tiller infestation on the susceptible check should on the average be more than 15% for trial results to be considered valid
- 25. Accomplishments ● Donors for resistance/tolerance to AfRGM identified ● Mechanisms associated with resistance/tolerance in rice lines to AfRGM determined ● Lowland NERICAs and Chinese hybrids characterized for resistance/tolerance to AfRGM
- 26. Stem borers • They are considered to be the most important insect pests of rice in west Africa and are found in all ecosystems • Stem borer species which cause serious damage to rice include: – African pink borer, Sesamia calamistis – African white borer, Maliarpha separatella – African striped rice borer, Chilo zacconius – Stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis longicornis • Damage is caused by the boring activity of the larvae within the stem during the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth
- 27. Major stem borer species Striped stem borer, Chilo zacconius adult Striped stem borer, Chilo zacconius larva Pink stem borer, Sesamia calamistis larva Pink stem borer, Sesamia calamistis adult
- 28. Symptoms of stem borer damage on rice Deadhearts Whiteheads
- 29. Key Issues •Most of the traditional Oryza sativa varieties grown in Africa are low yielding and highly susceptible to stem borers •AfricaRice has generated several hundred NERICA lines, opening new gene pools and increasing the biodiversity of rice to end-users •However, we do not know how resistant these NERICA lines are to stem borers •Are NERICAs more or less vulnerable to stem borer damage than the landraces they are about to replace ?
- 30. •Rice mixed with maize is a common feature of traditional upland rice cultivation in some West African countries •Rice and maize share some common stem borer species •Can maize be used as a trap crop to protect rice against stem borers? Key Issues
- 31. Key Issues •Sesamia calamistis Hamp. is a major stem borer pest of upland rice in Africa •IITA has identified an indigenous endoparasitoid Cotesia sesamiae for biological control of maize stem borer. Maize and rice share common stem borer – Sesamia calamistis •Can Cotesia sesamiae be used to protect rice against Sesamia calamistis?
- 32. Biological control of Sesamia calamistis by the endoparasitoid Cotesia sesamiae Cotesia sesamiae Larval parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae Sesamia calamistis
- 33. Termites • Most significant soil pests of rice in Africa and are mainly found in the upland rice ecosystem. The most damaging in Nigeria is Macrotermes spp. • Damage is caused by the adults (workers) that consume the roots and fill the stem with soil. The reduced translocation of water and nutrients causes the attacked plant to dry up and die • Termite damage on rice roots can also predispose the roots to secondary infection or invasion by pathogens • Yield losses of about 50% to 100% have been attributed to termites in farmers’ fields
- 34. Microtermes and their damage on rice
- 35. Pawpaw mixed with red palm oil • Ripe and unripe pawpaw were diced and mixed with red palm oil • Application was made along the rows of rice plants • Application was made 25 DAS and every 20 days till maturity Biological control of termites
- 36. Bamboo Bamboo stems of 500 cm length were buried 200 cm deep in the soil at a spacing of 0.5 m in all directions Cultural control of termites
- 37. Distribution of RYMV in Africa Mauritania Senegal Gambia Guinea Bissau Guinea Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Mali Liberia Côte d’Ivoire Ghana Togo Benin Nigeria ChadNiger Kenya Tanzania Madagascar Cameroon Rwanda Countries with RYMV incidence Endemic countries
- 38. How is the virus transmitted? The virus is mechanically transmitted – gains entry into rice plants through injuries. The possible roots of entry are: Root damage during transplanting and roots intertwining in the soil Weeding operations with hoes Harvesting with sickle Insects
- 39. 11 22 33 feed on an infected plant collect the virus particles pass them on to the next plant that they feed on The virus does not undergo any changes within the insect itself, but simply uses it as a vehicle – semi persistent The insect species Why focus on insect vectors?
- 40. Chaetocnema pulla Trichispa sericea Oxya hyla Locris rubraConocephalus longipennisChnootriba similis Insect vectors of RYMV
- 41. Nature of damage of rice leaves by vectors 1. Chaetocnema pulla 2. Trichispa sericea 3. Oxya hyla 1 2 3 4 5 4. Chnootriba similis 5. Conocephalus longipennis
- 42. Research Products cont. Technologies/methodologies ● Growing maize as a trap crop for rice stem borers in West Africa (Nwilene et al., 2008) ● IPM technologies for termite control now available (Nwilene et al., 2008) ● New methodology for screening rice varieties resistant/tolerant to RYMV using insect vectors (Sere et al., 2008)
- 43. Research Products cont. New ideas/concepts/paradigms developed Functional Agrobiodiversity Habitat management – planting of Paspalum scrobiculatum around rice fields to increase the reservoir of AfRGM parasitoids early in the season and throughout the cropping period. This is a simple cultural intervention developed to control AfRGM (Nwilene et al., 2007, 2008)
- 44. Thank you! Merci! 07th August, 2015 Presentation @Musa Room IITA, Ibadan Center of Excellence for Rice Research
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Occurrence of major insect pests in rice ecologies. Because of this constraints, the intensification practices of smallholder farmers are unsustainable.
- All are indigenous to Africa, except Maliarpha
- We need to understand how this species coexist in agro-ecosystems and the role it plays play in protecting the rice crop.