1. Mainstreaming Livestock Value Chains
Bringing the research to bear on Impact Assessment,
Policy Analysis and Advocacy for development
Synthesis session
Derek Baker and Dolapo Enahoro
5-6 November 2013, Accra, Ghana

2. Outline
1. Conference objectives
2. Material presented
3. Messages on livestock-for development
4. Messages passed between model builders and model users
5. Conclusions
6. Next steps

3. Goals of conference
1. To establish strong and functional linkages between livestock
value chain and impact analysis on the one hand, and
sectoral, general equilibrium, and other economic modeling
on the other.
2. To identify and advocate pro-poor livestock policy as it
emerges from existing analysis.

4. Livestock in development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Growing demand
Livestock-poverty nexus
Resource and environment user
Livestock’s actual and potential development contribution
Livestock overlooked by policy objectives/interventions
6. Connections to markets can be obscure, with many non-price drivers
7. Markets may be incomplete:
• Whole chain approaches (vertical)
• Collective action (horizontal) approaches
• Household modeling is complex
8. African livestock are increasingly in mixed systems, with implications
for risk mitigation
9. Opportunities for gender equity
10.Export trade remains an elusive goal, dev. country trade integration
has been little studied/poorly addressed in models
11.For all the above, we are short on data
12.A call for networks amongst agents, researchers and policy makers

5. 10 problems…
1 There is a gap between household analysis and models of the higher-level economy
2
Livestock analysis has too much focus on productivity and not enough on profitability and
incomes
3 No-one knows what the returns to a government investment in livestock are
4 Policymakers are less informed about livestock than about crops
5 All stages of the policy cycle are poorly informed about livestock
6 Livestock's market linkages and producer organisations lack commitment and sustainability
7 Available credit is not suited to livestock producers
8 Livestock data and information are unsuited to its uses by public and private sector
9 There is too little consideration given to livestock/environment interactions
10 Training and education is lacking for livestock producers

6. Session 1 synthesis – VCs and smallholder competitiveness
Solution
1) Collective action
2) Diversification
3) Development of feed
systems and market,
VA
4) Develop the
marketing channels
5) Early warning and
surveillance systems
6) Improving
infrastructure
7) Crop-livestock
integration
8) Preserving livestock
mobility
9) Upgrading and
modernization of
informal sector to
reduce transaction
costs
10) Distribution of
crossbred technology
11) Land enclosures for
grazing
12) Regional trade
integration
13) Redistribution of VA
Policy changes needed
1) Price formation
mechanisms
2) Resource tenure
3) Diverse export
markets
4) Product demand
stimulation
5) Collective action
6) Vertical platforms
and arrangements
7) Breeding policy for
resilience
8) Develop missing
markets
9) Harmonisation of
trade restrictions
10) Securing input
supply
11) Price regulation
12) Disease control
13) Education of farmers
14) Expansion of animal
health facilities
15) Cold-chain
development
16) Regional approach
to drought
mitigation
17) Alternative
mechanisms for vet
service provision
Who needs to act
1) Local and
national
government
2) Farmers
3) Local
governments
4) Private sector…
5) Market
oriented
organizations
Information and analysis
1) Product/quality standards
2) Consumer preferences
3) Efficiency in processing
4) Share of price and other VC
performance measures
5) Information platforms
6) assessment of interventions and
policies:
a. ex ante
b. ex post
7) Climate/weather forecast
8) Market information (output and
input)
9) Disease information
10) Analysis of:
a. marketing channel options/choice
b. collective action options
c. public/private partnership
d. feed input alternatives related to
the drought cycles
e. VC interventions
f. Platforms
g. Financing options
11) Production costs, transaction costs,
added value, threats (land, feed
market, sanitary, climate), and
prices
12) Animal inventory/census
13) WTP for access to resources
14) Identification of disease priorities
Who needs to act
1) Extension and
supporting
agencies
2) Climate specialists
Producer groups
3) Govt
4) NGOs
5) Private sector
6) Aid actors
7) Input and service
providers
8) Researchers
9) Joint ventures
amongst VC
actors.

7. Session 2 synthesis – gender and VCs
Solution
1) Whole-chain package of
interventions:
a. Groups
b. Training
c. Capacity building
d. Service provision
e. Marketing
2) Credit
3) Starter packs
4) Address to women’s issues via
women’s groups, and women’s
networks
5) Recognition of need to link
women to markets
6) Inclusion of women in policy
dialogues
Policy changes needed
Who needs to act
1) Credit to be
1) Government credit
channelled to women
agencies
2) Land tenure change to 2) Legal property
be more inclusive of
registers
women
3) Veterinary schools
3) Interventions to
address households
rather than landbased identifiers
4) Women’s asset
ownership identified
and protected
5) Empowerment of
women through
training, especially in
livestock systems and
animal health
6) Training of women
guides
Information and analysis
1) Identify Impact
pathway for gender.
2) Understand entry
points for genderoriented
interventions
3) Use appropriate
gender-sensitive data
4) Better methods for
measurement of
income and other
changes for women
5) Analysis of women’s
benefits from
livestock, especially
after intensification
6) Methodologies for
data collection on
gender
7) Data sharing
8) Gender-related HH
and VC performance
measures
9) Evaluation of
adherence to Maputo
declaration under the
CAADP, on gender
Who needs to act
1) Research and data
networks

8. Session 3 synthesis – Regional LS development and policy
Solution
1) Improved data
reaching whole value chain
definitions and
standardisation
quality and timeliness
coverage of informal trade
more focus on trade details
2) Data sharing
3) Analysis of impact of trade
barriers/liberalisation
4) Co-ordinated livestock policy
including breeding and
feeding
5) Apply and use global
standards
6) Engage private sector, in trade
organisations
7) Harmonised performance
measures
Policy changes needed
1) Capacity
development
2) Knowledge transfer
3) Promotion of intraregional trade
4) Harmonisation of
regional policies
5) Focus on less
sophisticated
markets
6) Strengthen data
collection/processin
g institutions at
national and
regional level
7) A branding policy,
accompanied by
quality
management
Who needs to act
1) Universities
2) Research institutes
3) Farmer associations
4) Dept Vet Services
5) Regional bodies &
organisation
6) Government
7) National
organisations
8) On trade
engagement: full
range of partners
9) Regional Economic
Communities/ policy
branches
10) Public-private
partnerships
Information and analysis
1) Methods
development
2) Analysis of
investment
opportunities
3) Measurement of
hidden costs of
exports to high value
markets
4) Identification of key
factors affecting
competitiveness
5) Quantify production
and trade
information in
relevant countries
6) Make information
available
7) Simulation of trade
scenarios
8) Information on
producing and
processing
technologies in the
region
9) Measurement of
transaction costs
Who needs to act
1) Researchers
2) Networks
3) Data generators
4) Line Ministries
5) Universities
6) Trade and industry
organisations

9. Sessions 4 and 5 synthesis – modeling initiatives for policy
1. The presentations
3. The answers
•
Detail of households (credit model)
•
Audience may be in research rather than
•
Detail of inter-sectoral interactions (CGE
policy and private sector
model)
•
Need for more modeler-user-non-user
•
Detail of inter-market interactions +
communications
production system characteristics
•
Inclusion of new sectors/countries/problems
(multimarket model)
requires new data and its compilation
•
Physical/Landscape environment upward
•
There is purpose-specificity (e.g. disease vs
aggregation
climate change) and interactions are difficult
•
Physical//climate change on supply side
to introduce.
•
2. The questions
•
Who cares?
•
•
Who evaluates?
•
Can you include environment?
•
Can you do investment analysis?
•
•
Can you examine the effect of
timing/sequencing of investments on
investment result?
•
Are household decisions represented at•
aggregate?
•
Can you model intermediate markets? •
•
Can you predict the future?
Investment analysis at aggregate level may
not match household level
Incomplete markets can be handled at HH
level but not by models relying on market
simulation solutions
HH decisions not invoked… (aggregation:
multiple livestock species; separability:
nature of HH; ABM?; demand is simplistic)
Intermediate VC actors largely exogenous:
IMPACT3 has “activities”.
There is a lot of work in progress (incl.
micro-macro), much of it not presented here.

10. Conclusions
1. Livestock’s place in economies and development processes is widely acknowledged,
largely underestimated… and correcting this is a work in progress
2. Representation of production and consumption is strong
3. Linkage to land and landscapes is strong
4. Dev. country competitiveness and trade/trade integration has not yet been modeled
5. Incomplete markets present difficulties for modeling: e.g. land tenure.
6. Production-system approach has served well
7. Contradictions persist: mobility/crop-livestock; sales vs risk management; formalisation
of markets.
8. Many perceived policy needs surround VC intermediaries: not generally modelled
9. Great demand for tools and data for ex ante and ex post analysis
10. Perceived need for capacity building, but few ways of modeling the changes
11. Little capacity to measure VC performance: financial, environmental, gender, equity
12. Improvement/extension of models relies on the thing that is most lacking, and most
poorly supported – data
13. Whole-chain interventions are widely advocated but little modeled
14. Collective action is widely advocated, based on transaction costs: which generally are
not being measured nor used in models

11. Next steps
Special Issue of journal (decision due Nov 2013) (May 2014)
Other journal output (May 2014)
Presentations on PIM website (Nov 2013)
Report with recommendations to PIM modeling effort for livestock (Dec 2013)
Formulation of PIM IA and M&E tools (2014)
Contr. to PIM VC performance measures (2014)
Supply of gender performance measures and gender variables (2014)
Supply of transactions costs for Vertical and Horizontal organisation (2014)
Feedback to BMGF’s Livestock Data initiative (2013)
Commence liaison and communication between ILRI, livestock modeling initiatives, and others
(now)
And…