Flourishing through an eTourism platform: a framework enabling tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits

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IFITT Doctoral Summer School 2015 Slide Number 1
Flourishing through an eTourism platform:
a framework enabling tourists’
eudaimonic pursuits
Bruce C.K. WAN
School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Bruce.Wan@polyu.edu.hk
What is eudaimonic pursuit?

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What is eudaimonic pursuit?
The human quests for meaningful life by actualizing
one’s true potential across one’s lifespan.
Ryan & Deci, 2001
Insight from positive psychology
How does it happen in tourism?

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Jules & Jim
on their journeys to mountain excursions
Jules & Jim are nature lovers.
+
Technology is well integrated into their everyday lives in regardless of situation.
Jules & Jim

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Like many other people, they use information & communication technology (ICT)
throughout their journeys – dreaming, planning, booking, experiencing, and sharing
etc.
Jules & Jim
As nature lovers, they take a cable car which can bring them to the summit.
Jules & Jim

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Few years later: They decided to climb up the mountain by themselves as
they liked to do.
Jules & Jim
Some years later: They guided other like‐minded to the summit so that
other people can share their joy.
Jules & Jim

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What constitutes meaningful tourist experience?
Jules & Jim
Hedonic pleasurable
experience:
Presence of positive
affect, absence of
negative affect and the
high level of satisfaction
with one’s life. (Subjective
well‐being)
Dimensions of meaningful experience
Eudaimonic meaningful
experience:
Actualizing one’s true
potential across one’s
lifespan – to live a life in
accordance with one’s
virtues. (Psychological
well‐being)
Deci & Ryan, 2008; Waterman, 1993

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Jules & Jim
Hedonia Eudaimonia
Involvement of personal character
strengths in the activity
Self‐centered goal Altruistic goal
This is a
pleasant
journey!
And… this is
an engaging
journey!!
Finally… this is
a meaningful
journey!!!
Based on Seligman’s three dimensions of life (2002)
Hedonic
pleasurable
experience
Dimensions of meaningful experience
Eudaimonic
meaningful
experience
A pleasant journey:
Self‐gratifying
experience.
An engaging journey:
Involving of one’s
character strengths for
self‐gratification and
self‐actualization.
A meaningful journey:
Using one’s character
strengths in the
service of a purpose
greater than self‐
interest
Transformation

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Why does it matter to eTourism?
Why does it matter to eTourism?
1. Tourism provides opportunities to explore and exercise our
potentials. (Filep & Pearce, 2013; Kler & Tribe, 2012; Little, 2012; Noy, 2004; Pearce,
2009; Reisinger, 2013)
2. Technology becomes our “third nature”. (Baeva, 2014; Verbeek, 2005)
3. eTourism takes an integral role in the construction of tourist
experience. (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014, 2015; Neuhofer, Buhalis, & Ladkin, 2014)
4. Our society is undertaking positive transformation. (Pine &
Gilmore, 1999; Anderson et al., 2013; Diener & Seligman, 2004; Seligman &
Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Tromp & Hekkert, 2014; White & Waters, 2015)
5. A new human computer interface (HCI) framework is needed
to cope with the “positive” change. (Calvo & Peters, 2014; Sander, 2011)
6. Scanty similar research has been conducted in the field of
eTourism.

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The role of ICT in the tourism industry
Past
• Computer Reservation
System
• Focused on productivity
and efficacy
• Business and
management centric
• Technology as means to
streamline transactions
Present
• Multi‐media platforms
• Focused on usability
and user experience
• Consumer and user
centric
• Technology as means
to response user
needs
Create
meaningful
tourist
experience
(McCabe,
Sharples, & Foster,
2012)
Future
(Buhalis, 2003; Buhalis & Law, 2008) (Andersson, 2007; Benyon,
Quigley, O’Keefe, & Riva, 2013;
Berger et al., 2007; Buhalis &
Amaranggana, 2014, 2015;
Neuhofer, Buhalis, & Ladkin, 2014)
The role of ICT in the tourism industry
Past, present, and the future
Could meaningful tourist experience be addressed by
current usability and user experience (UX)
enhancement?
Positive interaction (design) solutions are beyond the
pragmatic view on efficiency and effectiveness (as in
usability) or the hedonic goal on emotional aspects and
pleasurable experiences (as in UX) – HCI for
eudaimonia concerns about living well (virtuously)
rather than merely feeling good.
(Peters & Calvo, 2014; Pohlmeyer, 2013)

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Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Problem statement
3. Research framework and hypotheses
4. Proposed methodology
5. Anticipated results
6. References
3. Research framework and
hypotheses
• What are the qualities of meaningful
tourist experience? (Stage 1 – by deconstructing
meaningful tourist experiences with empirical research)
• How can technology support the
development of meaningful tourist
experience? (Stage 2 – by reconstructing meaningful
tourist experience with conceptualization of new eTourism
platform)
Key research questions:

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Adaptation based on Vision in Product Design (ViP) model, Hekkert & VanDijk (2011)
Meaning
New meaning
Activities
New activities
Statement
Empirical plane (activity)
Theoretical plane (framework and model)
Interaction plane (meaning)
Tourist activities
Meaningfulness
Deconstruction Reconstruction
Stage 1
What are the
qualities of
meaningful
tourist
experience?
Stage 2
How can
technology support
the development of
meaningful tourist
experience?
Stage 1 ‐ deconstruct meaningful tourist experience
What are the qualities of meaningful tourist
experience?
‐ How do meaningful tourists’ activities and
experiences contribute to their personal growth
and positive transformation?
‐ What are the characteristics of those meaningful
tourist activities and experiences?

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Meaningful experience
is the result of
exercising one’s
signature character
strengths in an activity
which can enable
personal growth, self‐
acceptance, and
positive transformation.
Peterson & Seligman (2004)
Locating meaningful experience in (serious) leisure
Serious leisure is a “systematic pursuit of an amateur,
hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that is highly substantial,
interesting, and fulfilling and where, in the typical case,
participants find a career in acquiring and expressing a
combination of its special skills, knowledge, and experience”.
(Stebbins, 1992, p. 3)
Locating meaningful experience in (serious) leisure

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Causal leisure vs Serious leisure
Casual leisure Serious leisure
Immediately and intrinsically
rewarding
Intrinsically rewarding with
progression paths
Relative short‐lived Long‐term involvement
Pleasurable activity Activity leading to self‐actualization
Little to none training is required Specific skills and knowledge are
required
Fundamentally hedonic Eudaimonic and transformational
Pure enjoyment and pleasure Satisfaction
Stebbins, 1992
Value in Action (VIA) classification of character strengths and
virtues (Peterson & Seligman, 2004)
`
A framework which lists six universally prominent virtues and 24 related
character strengths. Exercising character strengths can enable positive
experience, engagement, meaning, and the development of virtues for
eudaimonia (Harzer & Ruch, 2013; Littman‐Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Peterson & Seligman,
2004).
Identify how one’s character strengths are
developed through his/her serious leisure
activities

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VIA Classification of Character Strengths and Virtues - Peterson & Seligman (2004)
Virtues Character Strengths Virtues Character Strengths
Wisdom Creativity – originality, adaptive, ingenuity;
Curiosity – interest, novelty-seeking, exploration,
openness to experience;
Judgment – critical thinking, thinking things through,
open-mined;
Love of learning – mastering new skills & topics,
systematically adding to knowledge;
Perspective – wisdom, providing wise counsel, taking
the big picture view.
Transcendence Appreciation of beauty &
excellence – awe, wonder, elevation;
Gratitude – thankful for the good, expressing
thanks, feeling blessed,
Hope – optimism, future-mindedness, future
orientation;
Humor – playfulness, bringing smiles to others,
lighthearted;
Spirituality – religiousness, faith, purpose,
meaning
Courage Bravery – valor, not shrinking from fear, speaking up for
what’s right;
Perseverance – persistence, industry, finishing what
one starts;
Honesty – authenticity, integrity;
Zest – vitality, enthusiasm, vigor, energy, feeling alive and
activated.
Temperance Forgiveness – mercy, accepting others’
shortcomings, giving people a second chance;
Humility – modesty, letting one’s
accomplishments speak for themselves;
Prudence – careful, cautious, not taking undue
risks;
Self-regulation – self-control, disciplined,
managing impulses & emotions;
Humanity Love – both loving and being loved, valuing close relations
with others;
Kindness – generosity, nurturance, care, compassion,
altruism, “niceness”;
Social intelligence – emotional intelligence, aware
of the motive/feelings of self/others, knowing what makes
other people tick.
Justice Teamwork – citizenship, social responsibility,
loyalty;
Fairness – just, not letting feelings bias decisions
about others;
Leadership – organizing group activities,
encouraging a group to get things done.
Patterns may emerge by probing into the developmental
aspects of those character strengths involved in one’s
serious leisure practice, which can inform the researcher in
devising a framework for the future design of eTourism
platform.
From deconstruction to reconstruction of
meaningful tourist experience

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Stage 2 – reconstruct meaningful tourist experience
Positive computing is proposed to recognize the research and
design of technology to support psychological well‐being (PWB)
and eudaimonia.
Nine determinant factors and three approaches of PWB are
identified.
(Calvo & Peters, 2014; Peters & Calvo, 2014)
Interaction design for eudaimonia
Determinant factors of well-being
Self (Intrapersonal) Positive emotions,
Motivation and Engagement,
Self-Awareness,
Mindfulness,
Resilience
Social
(Interpersonal)
Gratitude,
Empathy
Transcendent
(Extra-personal)
Compassion,
Altruism
Calvo & Peters (2014)
Approaches to integrate design solutions
Preventative Obstacles or compromises to well-
being are treated as errors and
design is used to rectify existing
problem.
Active Well-being is part of the concern
about a solution designed for a
final goal and purpose other than
well-being.
Dedicated The design and technology is
purposely built for well-being
enhancement.
Calvo & Peters (2014)

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Various design strategies can be considered such as
behavior modification, projection, enactment,
gamification, reflection, introspection, celebration, and
mindfulness practice, for supporting one’s eudaimonic
pursuit.
Summary
Stage 1 – deconstruction Stage 2 – construction
Hypothesis
Meaningful tourist
experience necessitates
involvement of one’s
signature character
strengths in an activity.
Hypothesis
eTourism plays an integral
role in one’s pursuit of
eudaimonia by identifying,
developing, celebrating
and reflecting on its
signature character
strengths.
Meaning
New meaning
Activities
New activities
Statement
Theoretical plane (framework and model)
Tourist activities
Meaningfulness
Deconstruction Reconstruction
Objective
To identify cross-
sectional and
developmental aspects of
character strengths
involved in constructing
tourists’ eudaimonic
pursuits through serious
leisure activities.
Objective
To propose future
scenarios, frameworks,
applications, design
methods, evaluation
models for the future
development of eTourism
platform supporting
tourists’ eudaimonic
pursuit.
Adaptation based on ViP model, Hekkert & VanDijk (2011)

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Research approach
Hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative inquiry
(semi‐structured interview)
Stage1 – Descriptive and qualitative research
Objective
To identify cross‐sectional and developmental aspects of
character strengths involved in constructing tourists’
eudaimonic pursuits through serious leisure activities.
Stage1 – Area of Investigation
The research probes into participants' senses of
eudaimonia in three key areas:
1. Participants’ character strengths involved in their
serious leisure practice in everyday life
2. Participants’ character strengths involved in their
serious leisure practice during travel journeys
3. Participants’ use of ICT throughout different stages of
their serious leisure practice: anticipation, experiencing,
sharing, and recounting

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Stage1 – Method to be used
Thematic analysis and interpretative phenomenological
analysis are used to analyze content of interviews.
Thematic analysis, is elaborated based on VIA
classification, is used as guidance to conduct the interview
content and well as coding scheme.
Interpretative phenomenological analysis is a bottom‐top
approach that helps researcher to reveal hidden meaning
within participants’ discourses.
Research approach
Interaction Design with Research through Design
approaches (RtD)
Stage2 – Exploratory research through
interaction design
Objective
To propose future scenarios, frameworks, applications,
design methods, evaluation models for the future
development of eTourism platform supporting tourists’
eudaimonic pursuit.

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Stage2 – Area of Investigation
The research generates possible future scenarios and
conditions to enable and support one’s eudaimonic
pursuits in the context of leisure and tourism:
1. To facilitate one’s eudaimonic pursuit with interaction
design.
2. Use ICT as means to make such pursuit sustainable.
3. To enable positive transformations at the level of
individual, organization, and society.
Stage2 – Method to be used
Research through design (RtD) is an approach to
conducting scholarly research that employs the methods,
practices, and processes of design practice with the
intention of generating new knowledge. While scientific
research seeks universal rules and principles and social
science research works with the past and present, design
research looks into particulars and projects preferable
solutions into a future context.
(Zimmerman and Forlizzi, 2014)

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Positive Computing (Calvo & Peters, 2014)
Engineering - HCI
Actor Network Theory (ANT) (Latour, 1999)
Authenticity (Wang 1999, Knudsen & Waade, 2010)
Hopeful tourism (Pritchard, Morgan, & Atelijevic, 2011)
Mobility paradigm (Urry, 2007)
Performance turn (Haldrup & Larsen, 2010)
Positive psychology and tourism (Filep, 2012, Filep & Pearce, 2013)
Transformational tourism (Reisinger, 2013)
Etourism (Neuhofer, Buhalis & Ladkin, 2013)
Tourism studies (listed in alphabetical order)
Stage 1 deconstructing tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits through serious leisure activities
Empirical research
Flourishing through eTourism
Values in Action (VIA) classification of character
strengths and virtues (Peterson & Seligman, 2004)
Positive Psychology
Serious Leisure (Stebbins, 1982)
Leisure studies
Stage 1 investigation – Empirical research
Vision in Product Design (ViP) (Hekkert & van Dijk, 2011)
Research through Design (RtD) (Zimmerman, Forlizzi, & Evenson, 2007)
Design
An overview of the research project pathways – Flourishing through eTourism
Research pathway – adaptation based on this study based on Zimmerman, Forlizzi, and Evenson’s RtD model (2007)
Field data
Patterns and
particularities
on tourists’
eudaimonic
pursuits
Research
artifacts
• Framework
• Blueprint
• Prototype
• Scenario
• User Case
• Evaluation
model
Unanticipated effects
Enable Eudaimonia through
eTourism platform
Theories
• Tourist in quest of existential authenticity
• Tourism, performance and the everyday
• Positive psychology in tourism studies
• eTourism, Smart tourism initiatives etc.
Stage 2
Interaction Design Research
flourishing
through
eTourism
Design opportunities
Research-oriented Design
Technical opportunities
A HCI framework for eudaimonia
Flourishing through eTourism platform
(Research model on design for eudaimonia)
Adaptation based on ViP model, Hekkert & VanDijk (2011)
Research approach
Hermeneutic phenomenological
qualitative inquiry
Framework
Well-being factors for positive computing
Self (Intrapersonal) - positive emotions,
motivation & engagement, self-awareness,
mindfulness, resilience;
Social (Interpersonal) - gratitude, empathy;
Transcendent (Extra-personal) - compassion,
altruism.
(Calvo & Peters, 2014, PP.85-86)
Connections
Co-creationwith
technology
Tourism
Tourist well-being
pursuit
Serious Leisure
Everydayness
Framework
VIA Classification of Character Strengths
and Virtues
Wisdom – creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of
learning, perspective;
Courage – bravery, perseverance, honesty, zest;
Humanity – love, kindness, social intelligence
Justice – teamwork, fairness, leadership;
Temperance – forgiveness, humility, prudence,
self-regulation;
Transcendence – appreciation of beauty and
excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality.
(Peterson & Seligman, 2004)
Activities
Signature
character
strengths
Objective
To identify cross-sectional and
developmental aspects of character
strengths involved in constructing
tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits through
serious leisure activities.
Flourishing
Framework for
transformative
tourist experience
Theoretical plane (eudaimonic pursuit)
Research approach
Interaction Design with Research through
Design approaches (RtD)
Stage 1 – deconstruction Stage 2 – construction
Objective
To propose future scenarios, frameworks,
applications, design methods, evaluation
models for the future development of
eTourism platform supporting tourists’
eudaimonic pursuit.
Hypothesis
Meaningful tourist experience
necessitates involvement of one’s
signature character strengths in an
activity.
Hypothesis
eTourism plays an integral role in one’s
pursuit of eudaimonia by identifying,
developing, celebrating and reflecting on
its signature character strengths.
Positive Emotion
Motivation
Engagement
Self-awareness
Mindfulness
Resilience
Gratitude
Empathy
Compassion
Altruism
x
x
x

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Research artifacts:
This study attempts to fill a knowledge gap that is
transdisciplinary in nature.
Stage 1:
Patterns and characteristics favorable to one’s eudaimonic
pursuit, which applicable to ICT & eTourism platform.
Stage 2:
To propose interaction design frameworks and principles to
support and enable positive development of well‐being with
prototypes, scenarios, user cases, and evaluation models.
5. Anticipated result
6. Reference
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Flourishing through an eTourism platform: a framework enabling tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits