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Assessment of technologies to decarbonize the transport sector
1. WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN – HEUTE FÜR MORGEN
The environmental performance
of current & future passenger vehicles
B. Cox, C. Mutel, Christian Bauer :: Energy Systems Analysis :: Paul Scherrer Institut
ETSAP workshop, ETHZ, December 12, 2017
2. -2-
Why decarbonization of passenger vehicles?
G. Georges, after BAFU & BFS 2017
Mobility sector in Switzerland:
sector with highest CO2 emissions
46% of national emissions (incl. aviation) in 2015
sector with highest consumption of final energy
36% of national consumption in 2015
almost entirely dependent on oil
95% of mobility related energy consumption was oil-based in 2015
3. -3-G. Georges, after BAFU 2017
Why decarbonization of passenger vehicles?
AnnualCO2emissions(direct)[Mt/year]
mobility (incl. aviation)
households
industry
service sector
5. Life Cycle Assessment - LCA
LCA is a technique to assess environmental impacts
associated with all the stages of a product's life cycle from-
cradle-to-grave, i.e., from raw material extraction through
materials processing, manufacturing, distribution, use,
repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling.
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6. Life Cycle Assessment - LCA
«Background»
LCA data
Materials, fuels, energy supply,
transport, infrastructure, disposal,…
Zero emission ?Environmental impacts?
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8. LCA of passenger vehicles: acronyms
ICEV: Internal combustion engine vehicle
HEV: Hybrid electric vehicle
BEV: Battery electric vehicle
FCEV: Fuel cell electric vehicle
-p: petrol as fuel
-d: diesel as fuel
-g: compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel
P2G: Power-to-Gas
SMR: Hydrogen from «Steam Methane Reforming» of natural gas
CH (electricity): average electricity supply in Switzerland
BAU: Business As Usual
NEP: New Energy Policy
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18. Main uncertainties & limitations in LCA
Location-specific assessment of health impacts
Emissions of pollutants from ICEV (NOx, PM, etc.)
Batteries & fuel cells:
lifetime, manufacturing chain, future technology development
Effects of large scale implementation of BEV & FCV
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19. Take home messages
BEV & FCV only provide environmental benefits with electricity and H2
from renewable sources
GHG emissions of BEV & FCV can be up to 70% lower than those of ICEV
(using hydro or wind power)
Other burdens:
ambiguous LCA results, also with «clean» electricity and H2, due to:
• burdens from battery and FC manufacturing
• inefficient hydrogen supply chain
Short-term: Natural gas vehicles show largest potential for reduction of
impacts
Long-term: electric vehicles need:
• Enough clean electricity
• Recycling strategies for batteries and fuel cells
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20. Thanks to:
• Brian Cox
• Chris Mutel
Contact:
christian.bauer@psi.ch
https://www.psi.ch/ta/
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