Transboundary Cooperation In HKH River Basins
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Presentation at Bridging Boundaries - ICIMOD at Katmandu, 14-15 November 2018 by Arun Bhakta Shrestha (ICIMOD).
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Transboundary Cooperation In HKH River Basins
- 1. Transboundary Cooperation In HKH River Basins Arun Bhakta Shrestha, Regional Programme Manager, ICIMOD
- 2. The Hindu Kush Himalaya Global asset for food, energy, water, carbon, and cultural and biological diversity
- 3. • 8 countries • 240 million people in the HKH • Source of 10 major Asian river systems • 1.9 billion people in the river basins
- 4. Erosion GLOF Water Storage High altitude wetland Hydropower Irrigation Industry Large settlements Navigation Flood GW depletion Boundary Boundary Agriculture Hydropower Aquifer recharge Flood/ flash floods/ landslides Erosion and sedimentation Sedimentation Upstream-downstream Linkages
- 5. HKH basins support some of the world’s most populated areas 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2010 2015 Basin 2.2 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.3 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.5 Avg increase 1% per year Population(10^6) • Population 1.9 billion in 2015 • Up to 2.3 billion by 2050, 65% urban • Increasing water and energy intensity in agriculture • Water demand will double by 2050
- 6. Too much and too little water Floods and droughts have become more frequent Some floods are transboundary in nature Strong Seasonality
- 7. In Numbers 10% of all floods are transboundary These cause over 30% of all flood casualties Those affected account for 60% of the total displaced population
- 8. Why regional cooperation on water? Manage varied distribution of water Reduce risk of climate related effects making water supply erratic Opportunity for overcoming economic, environmental, technological, and institutional barriers Multiple benefits of infrastructure development
- 9. Current Water Cooperation Nepal and India: Sharada (1920), Koshi (1954) and Gandak (1960); Equity in water sharing often questioned; Indus water treaty (1960): successful examples; complications due to increasing demand and desire to build more infrastructure Ganges water treaty (1996): Based on old flow data; no dispute resolution method; Afghanistan and Pakistan: no treaty; 70% of Afghan water flow outside the country but treaty only with Iran
- 10. Challenges in regional collaboration Hydropolitics – mistrust, top down approach Knowledge gaps – misinformation leading to misinterpretation Conventional approach – sectoral vs integrated; resources vs benefits Inadequate institutional arrangements and capacities: Lack of joint institutions
- 11. Potential Developed Majorriver Riverbasin HKHregion 73% 27% India(150,000MW) 98% 2% Myanmar(100,000MW) 89% 11% Pakistan(60,000MW) 98% 2% Afghanistan(25,000MW) 98% 2% Nepal (42,000MW) 94% 6% Bhutan(24,000MW) 88% 12% Bangladesh(2,000MW) Hydropower Development Large unmet potentialOpportunities 500 GW regional potential, largely unmet Co-operation on sharing benefits BIMSTEC Navigation, Erosion, Sedimentation, DRR
- 12. Regional Platforms CryoHub – collaborative effort that shares and disseminates cryosphere- related data and information HYCOS – four countries participate in flood information sharing – could be expanded [http://www.icimod.org/hycosrfis] ICIMOD Experiences [http://www.icimod.org/?q=22937]
- 13. Knowledge Networks Koshi – 3 countries of Koshi basin cooperating in knowledge development. Preparing for Koshi DRR Knowledge Hub [http://www.icimod.org/kbp] UIBN – a knowledge and research network of regional countries in HKH to improve understanding cryosphere changes [http://www.icimod.org/?q=11537]
- 14. CBFEWS Implemented in river tributaries Upstream/downstream linkage Almost real time information Provide guidance on how to act on warnings Use of low cost ICT tools
- 15. Before flood After flood Flood Situation in Bhitamore, Bihar – livestock and people shifted to safer places such as school buildings 12 August 2017, Ratu River An example of local level cross border cooperation between Nepal and India
- 16. An Agenda for co-operation increasing drivers of change compels transboundary cooperation for knowledge development and resource management exchange of information on climate hazards and risks as well as mitigation harmonized monitoring mechanisms, data management, and uniform reporting Recognition of the importance of transboundary cooperation is a prerequisite for realizing the water related SDG targets. Can we be more ambitious?
- 17. Thank you
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Water is distributed very differently spatially and temporally. Poor management and climate-related effects are making water supplies erratic Provides important opportunities for overcoming economic, environmental, technological, financial, and institutional barriers to water resources development Could reduce risk of flood and drought, augment dry season river flows, expand irrigation and navigation facilities, and enhance energy and environmental security Strengthen resilience to climate change Prevent and resolve conflicts over water resources
- Hydropolitics: inward looking laws and acts; mistrust, unwillingness to share information; top down approach, limited role of civil society/private sector Conventional perspectives: sectoral vs integrated/nexus approach; resources vs benefits Knowledge gaps: many misinformation leading to misinterpretation; knowledge development limited to admin boundaries; Inadequate institutional arrangements and capacities: Lack of established joint institutions for transboundary water governance. recognizing both common interests and differences of co-riparian countries Infrastructure and market: cross border transmission line; power market Capacity gaps:??
- Changing driving forces Sub-regional cooperation Cooperation on sharing benefits Energy cooperation BIMSTEC Less sensitive water issues Energy Navigation Erosion, sedimentation DRR
- Recognition of the importance of transboundary cooperation is a prerequisite for realizing the water related SDG targets and the broader Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, its significance goes beyond water sharing itself. Increasing drivers of change compels transboundary cooperation for knowledge development and resource management A common basis for decision-making requires harmonized monitoring mechanisms, compatible assessment methods and data management, as well as uniform reporting procedures. Exchange of information – including on water allocation, floods, and pollution caused by accidents - on infrastructure projects that could affect downstream countries, on extreme events (such as floods and droughts), as well as on operations such as hydropower, navigation and irrigation, and the chemical and quantitative status of groundwater resources etc Some good examples of cooperation and some low hanging fruits What are the other opportunities? Can we be more ambitious?