Innovations built on traditional knowledge and modern technology for sustainable dryland agriculture
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11-14 February 2019. Jodhpur, India. The 13th International Conference on Dryland Development, with the theme "Converting Dryland Areas from Grey into Green", is organized by IDDC (International Dryland Development Commission) and the Arid Zone Research Association of India (AZRAI) and hosted by the ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI). 11 February 2019. Presentation by: A. Abousabaa, C. Biradar, S. Kumar, V. Nangia, A. Sarker and J. Wery
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Innovations built on traditional knowledge and modern technology for sustainable dryland agriculture
- 1. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas icarda.org cgiar.org A CGIAR Research Center Innovations built on traditional knowledge and modern technology for sustainable dryland agriculture A. Abousabaa, C. Biradar, S. Kumar, V. Nangia, A. Sarker and J. Wery 11 February 2019
- 2. icarda.org 2 1. Overview BY 2050 – Population expected to increase from 0.9 billion to 1.4 billion people in CWANA Young people constitute 20% of total population in CWANA, and this number will grow by at least 7million by 2021 Increase in population will cause increased pressure under water, food and other resources Rainfall is expected to decline throughout North Africa and West Asia
- 3. icarda.org 3 • Adverse effects of climate change are more pronounced in the drylands • Leads to vulnerable, unsustainable and unpredictable farming • Variability and evolution of climate, diet and demography caused by changing edapho- climatic factors Climate change and increasing needs 30% 50% 70% Food Energy Water 2019 2050 9BILLION
- 4. icarda.org 4 India’s share of global resources: • Water: 4% • Arable land: 2.5% • Population: 17% Food and water scarcity Two key drivers: growing population and growing wealth Uncertainty is the result of climate change 500 1000 1500 2000 2001 2010 2025 2050 Waterpercapitalitres/day Year Population (million) Water per capita m3/year
- 5. icarda.org 5 2. Traditional knowledge-based agriculture • Crop production • Water conservation • Soil health management • Animal feeding • Grain storage • Value addition of plant and animal products in combination
- 6. icarda.org 6 Nature-based farming • Natural crossing and selection of crops and varieties adapted to local soil, climatic (drought, heat, flood, storms), socio- economic conditions and diet patterns • Focus on soil and biodiversity based farming Pre-modern agriculture
- 7. icarda.org 7 Modernization of agriculture and the green revolution • Low productivity per unit of land labor of traditional agriculture • Limited number of crops and varieties • Field mechanization • Use of synthetic input: fertilizers - herbicides - pesticides) • Water for irrigation versus traditional The need for modern agriculture
- 8. icarda.org 8 Locality • Using natural inputs (soil and ecosystems, and natural processes) to replace synthetic inputs • Solutions are site-specific and ensure proper matching Limits of traditional knowledge
- 9. icarda.org 9 Partiality • Information on farmer practices is largely on productivity and not on environmental impacts • Data about environmental impacts (eg soil carbon) and at scale (eg greenhouse gas emissions) increasingly important Limits of traditional knowledge Quantities of inputs used Diversityofproductionandconsumption
- 10. icarda.org 10 Temporality • Trial and errors of farming based on short-term impact on food production • More significant impact could take longer to materialize • Eg conservation agriculture may reduce yield the first years of implementation but increase over longer period Limits of traditional knowledge
- 11. icarda.org 11 The limits of traditional knowledge are taken into account by ICARDA and its partners. The approach can be described along the four outcomes of our R4D projects: 1. Improving technologies and crops 2. Capacity development of farmers 3. Systemic Design and Management of agro-ecosystems 4. Digital augmentation for precision decisions 3. The role of ICARDA and its R4D partners
- 12. icarda.org 12 3.1 Improving locally adapted crops Bread Wheat 450 Faba bean Barley 100 Lentils Rainfed mm Durum Wheat 250 Chickpea
- 13. icarda.org 13 Cactus • Small holder farmers in semi-arid environments have limited resources to improve supply of animal feeds • Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) is an ideal candidate that can grow in degraded land with minimum inputs. From old to new crops
- 14. icarda.org 14 Outscaling proven technologies
- 15. icarda.org 15 3.2 Smart farming requires a paradigm shift 1. Diversity for resilience (rotations/intercropping; mix farming…) 2. Nature-based solutions, technology and circularity for ecosystems services (including water productivity and trade-off management) 3. Smart knowledge (big-data, models, ICT) for adaptation to • Variability (rainfall, soils, farms…) • Changes (climate, markets, demography…) • Capacity development of farmers
- 16. icarda.org 16 Applications in this domain are rapidly expanding, allowing farmers and advisors to access knowledge on crops and varieties, pests and disease, input, markets and climate using their smartphone Smartphone app for technology targeting and decision-making
- 17. icarda.org 17 Sustainability is achieved through proper combinations of appropriate technologies – not single technologies on their own 1. Water harvesting 2. Feed resources 3. Livestock management 4. Marab agriculture 5. Collective land governance 3.3 Systemic Design and Management of agro-ecosystems 1 2 3 5 4
- 18. icarda.org 18 3.4 Multi-scale knowledge of farming system dynamics and climate variability 3 billion ha International Agencies 3 million ha Governments 300 k ha Agro-Food industry 30 k ha Advisors 1.3 ha Farmers • Information available at different scale for different stakeholders • High-tech to provide indicators … and field data for credibility
- 19. icarda.org 19 Example: Lentil intensification fallows in India Crop variety specific target areas March December • Inclusion of lentil Improves rice productivity • Economize on N use up to 40 kg N/ha
- 21. icarda.org 21 Participatory approach CRPs CGIAR Centers Public Sector NARS, ARIS, Univ. Private sector Knowledge management Data, RS, GIS layers, CC Scenarios Framework and models for integrated modelling and assessment of agrifood systems in the drylands Multi- criteria assessment Research projects Informing strategic thinking investment in R4D Stakholder capacity building Interface for the Drylands 4. Conclusion – the way forward • Traditional knowledge to support innovations • Sustainability and scaling with modern technologies • Multi-scale and multicriteria scenario analysis to support research and development investments in the drylands
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Main point: as climate change effects are felt more strongly throughout the dry arc region, there is an expectation that there will be a reduction in food, water, and other resources per capita in the region. This will have far-reaching effects of the sustainability of the current food systems in the region Notes for this slide: Numbers come from the “Dry Arc Big Numbers” document provided by Jacques Explanation of map: - Colours represent the amount of current rainfall in the global dry areas
- Introduction Climate change is a reality and its adverse effects are more pronounced in drylands, leading to vulnerable, unsustainable and unpredictable farming due to a range of changed edapho-climatic factors arising from variability and evolution of climate, diet and demography. Drylands, delineated into rainfed, irrigated, agro-pastoral and desert farming, cover more than one third of planet’s land and are home to more than one-third of the population. Without access to information and technology, farming in these lands can greatly suffer during dry seasons and face catastrophic losses during periodic droughts. Over the decades and centuries, the farming techniques have changed from traditional, where most of farm operations used to be done manually, to modern farming more productive in term of land and labour but more dependent on industrial and financial inputs. However, by 2050, we expect a population of 9 billion that will cause a "perfect storm" of food, energy and water shortages as demand for fresh water, food and energy will climb by 30%, 70% and 100%, respectively. Therefore, a paradigm shift is needed to produce more nutritious food from less land, water, and inputs without further pressure on the declining natural resources. ICARDA and its national and international partners aim to develop this new paradigm for the drylands with a smart combination of traditional knowledge and new technologies, using multicriteria and multiscale systems methodologies to build resilient and sustainable agroecosystems.
- In Africa and Asia a lot of ancestral techniques and land races of dryland crops are still in use for crop production, water conservation, soil health management, animal feeding, grain storing and value addition of plant and animal products. Example: farmers have a long history of experience on water harvesting, retention and use for feed and food production. This includes prevention of soil erosion on flat farms mounding the land into long furrows and traps water around the plants; furrows of bunds along contour lines or terraces to limit soil erosion and allow rainwater to infiltrate into the soil and terraces; soil cover with organic mulch to prevent evaporation; land fallowing to store moisture in the soil for the following crop. These all emanate from farmers’ experience, which transmitted from generation after generation.
- Farmers in this era restored soil fertility through periodic addition of natural materials such as household wastes, composts and manures, and adopting practices such as crop rotation especially with N-fixing legumes and mixed cropping. Farmers replanted their own seeds and exchanged their seeds and animal breeds with others, thereby spreading new technologies far and wide while coincidentally preserving biodiversity in farmlands. Almost unaware of the scientific breakthroughs, debates and discussion over climate change and its impact on dryland production systems, the traditional agrarian practices of indigenous communities in Asia and Africa have evolved but integrated some resilience based on crop/livestock diversity and soil fertility. Along with low-cost technologies those traditional farmers grow variety of crops ranging from rice, millets, legumes, sorghum, leafy and other vegetables, medicinal plants, tubers throughout the year, thus ensuring their food and nutritional requirements. In many farming communities, as many as 80 different crops are grown for household needs. Farmers also practice mixed-cropping and inter-cropping to be resilient against total crop loss due to climatic variability, pests and diseases. For example intercropping and agroforestry are contributing to the conservation of prey-predators as a means of biological control (birds, spiders, flies) instead to using insecticides. Today some farmers of South Asia (most particularly indigenous and hilly areas) are going back to farming as they used to do before high-yielding crop varieties, hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
- Modernisation of agriculture during the green revolution took a different pathway and focused on a limited number of crops and varieties, field mechanization and the use of synthetic input (fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides) as well as water for irrigation. These cropping systems are now seriously contested in a One Health approach of nature and human health. However, this paradigm shift was also essential to increase total factor productivity in order to meet the rapidly increasing food demand and the globalisation of markets for most staple crops. This trend is likely to accelerate in the future and any new paradigm for ecological intensification of agriculture should keep it as a baseline component.
- Locality: replacing synthetic input by soil and ecosystems natural processes makes any solution site-specific for a proper matching, for example of the nutrient crop requirements and soil organic matter mineralization, both processes being highly sensitive to climate (rainfall, temperature). Replacing “knowledge embedded” technologies like mineral fertilizers by ecosystem-based production of nutrients makes farming a more “knowledge intensive” and “site-specific” business. This is one of the today challenge for researchers, advisors, farmers, and policy makers. Capacity Development of stakeholders becomes key in this context.
- Partiality: the use of traditional knowledge for the design of modern sustainable farming systems is facing a serious discrepancy between the data availability (mostly on production) and the need for multicriteria (biodiversity, water, energy, product quality and safety….) and multi-scale analysis (farm, supply chain, landscape…) required to design the agriculture of tomorrow. Similarly gender and youth consideration has not necessarily been taken into account in the traditional farming systems but cannot be ignored today. NOTES FOR SPIDER GRAPH: shows that the conventional system-cereals and legumes-extensive farming systems (eg traditional) requires high inputs although yields lower productivity and consumption – this is indicative that consumers are the producers
- Temporality: agro-ecological practices have been developed by farmers over long periods with a trial-error approach which can impair innovation in face of an uncertain climate and with the high risk aversion of smallholder farmers. In face of global changes (climate, economy) this approach has to be re-visited in order to address the design of farming systems on a short term (few years) and taking into account potential risks and impacts.
- NOTES?
- Example: Cactus pear (Oopuntia ficus-indica) can grow in degraded land with minimum inputs. Yield improvement must be done in a multicriteria analysis and combine with biophysical and economic water and fertilizers productivity in face of soil and climate variability. Can be done with crop models, calibrated and then applied for simulating scenarios of nitrogen and irrigation application using long term weather datasets.
- Examples from ICARDA: This is why ICARDA is also conducting a “system-based research” where the innovation is grounded in the smart management of interactions (Genotype x Environment x Management) between the components (soil, crops, livestock, trees, water) of the farming systems in specific agro-ecologies and socio-economic contexts. For example, the integration of improved varieties of pulses in the existing crop-livestock systems can drive more efficiency, productivity and resilience in drylands of India, provided they are also properly integrated into added-value chain in the food system. smallholder farmers in south Asia can increase the intensity and diversity of rice-fallow systems with specific varieties adapted to soil type, texture and residual moisture.
- Improving sustainability and resilience of farming systems Farming systems cannot rely on single technologies (eg “component research”) and their application in a wide range of agro-ecologies. ICARDA is also conducting “system-based research”. Examples from ICARDA: This is why ICARDA is also conducting a “system-based research” where the innovation is grounded in the smart management of interactions (Genotype x Environment x Management) between the components (soil, crops, livestock, trees, water) of the farming systems in specific agro-ecologies and socio-economic contexts. For example, the integration of improved varieties of pulses in the existing crop-livestock systems can drive more efficiency, productivity and resilience in drylands of India, provided they are also properly integrated into added-value chain in the food system. smallholder farmers in south Asia can increase the intensity and diversity of rice-fallow systems with specific varieties adapted to soil type, texture and residual moisture.
- Multi-scale knowledge on climate variability (spatial and temporal) and crop responses (yield, water, soil carbon, pests-diseases) 4.4 Digitization of agroecosystems Geotagging, agro-tagging, farm-typology and other types of digitization has become the most essential entry point for any sustainable developmental entities whether it is breeding site specific varieties, crop diversification and intensification Ongoing efforts in big-data driven digital augmentation aim at quantifying functional production dynamics and drivers to target site-specific sustainable developmental interventions and scaling the ecological intensification such as intensification of pulses in rice fallows, adoption of conservation agriculture, bridging the yield gaps, geo-localization of the research and impact reporting (www.icarda.org).
- NOTES: satellite remote sensing images quantify the crop fallows’ dynamic targeting intensification of pulses and oil seeds. This can also support rice varieties accommodating 2 or 3 crops in the sam fallow areas. This can support the decision-making behind where to include lentil during fallow season of rice sowing.
- NOTES: ICARDA’s BigData and ICT-based GeoAgro based services can be used in research, policy, and other decision-making and service provision. Accessibility to many countries.
- ICARDA and its national and international partners aim to develop this new paradigm for the drylands with a smart combination of traditional knowledge and new technologies, using multi-criteria and multiscale systems methodologies to build resilient and sustainable agroecosystems. It is a fact that traditional knowledge and its application in dryland farming can have a great contribution to todays’ agriculture for resilience in the context of climate change and other socio-economic considerations. Many of them are still being nurtured by farming communities. However, the use of scientific breakthroughs and innovative agro-technologies (machineries, geo-informatics, biotechnology, nano-technology, methodologies and new knowledge, etc.) is needed to meet food, feed and fiber requirements of a growing population under climate change. This synergy among traditional practices and modern innovative technologies is one of the key pillar of ICARDA Research for Development strategy.