Breeding
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The annual interdisciplinary conference on research in tropical and subtropical agriculture, natural resource management and rural development (TROPENTAG) Session Parallel oral thematic presentation
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Breeding
- 1. icarda.org 1 The role of breeding against climate change Morocco February 2016 Karim Faraj Drought of the century Morocco April 2016
- 2. Crop genepool Global Ranking % acc. globally Barley 2nd 19.0 Wheat 4th 14.6 Chickpea 2nd 23.2 Faba bean 1st 89.1 Lentil 1st 43.5 Lathyrus 1st 63.6 Medicago 2nd 15.0 Pisum 3rd 12.1 Trifolium 3rd 9.0 Vicia 1st 23.7 Overall 4th 4.0 Crop No of accs. Crop No of accs. Barley 30,225 Pisum spp. 6,131 Bread wheat 15,088 Trifolium spp. 5,933 Durum wheat 20,540 Vicia spp. 6,556 Primitive wheat 1,214 Faba bean 10,034 Aegilops spp. 5,155 Chickpea 15,195 Wild Triticum 1871 Lentil 13,980 Wild Hordeum 2,563 Wild Cicer 554 Not mandate cereals 182 Wild Lens 617 Lathyrus spp. 4,458 Range & Pasture 7,404 Medicago annual 9,160 Others 50 Total 156,910 ICARDA’s most precious treasure ICARDA hosts more than 157.000 accessions of cereals and legumes, the vast majority landraces
- 3. icarda.org 3 Hessian Fly resistance in durum • Hessian fly (M. destructora) is a devastating insect pest of North Africa • Resistance derived from Triticum araraticum introgression • Major QTL on 6BS (LOD 35 by MP and 54.5 by GWAS) • One marker validated for MAS and available at LGC BS00072387 Genetic identification of loci for Hessian fly resistance in durum wheat Bassi et al. Molecular Breeding, 2019
- 4. Adapting roots to drought Environnent Roots type Grain yield (Kg/ha) Rain-fed Kfardan Shallow 1,658a Deep 2,883b Marchouch Shallow 1,785a Deep 2,474b Irrigated Terbol Shallow 7,546a Deep 7,287a Tessaout Shallow 8,330a Deep 8,417a Testing of root types (shallow vs deep) in field station revealed a yield advantage of nearly 1-0.7 ton ha-1 only in rainfed drought stations, but not under irrigation. A major QTL was found 1B, LOD 4
- 5. icarda.org 5 Heat tolerance in durum and bread wheat Ndiayene, Senegal, 2018 Wad Madani, Sudan, 2016 Testing of bread wheat and durum wheat GWAS panels under 31-42° C throughout the season Durum Wheat Breeding: In the Heat of the Senegal River. Sall et al. Agricolture, 2018, 8 Heat tolerance of durum wheat (Tritcum durum Desf.) elite germplasm tested along the Senegal River Sall et al. J Ag Science, 2018, 10:2 Heat-Tolerant QTLs Associated with Grain Yield and Its Components in Spring Bread Wheat under Heat-Stressed Environments of Sudan and Egypt Tadesse et al. Crop Science, 2019, 59:199
- 6. icarda.org 6 Promoting superior lines: Food Security Country GY of participating farmers GY of neighbouring farmers Increase (%) Jordan 2.63 2.17 21 Morocco 3.83 2.97 29 Palestine 1.92 1.71 13 Syria 2.51 2.00 25 Tunisia 2.90 2.16 34 Average 2.76 2.20 25 • The new wheat varieties promoted reached an average +25% grain yield increase Kuwaiti Fund Opec Fund
Hinweis der Redaktion
- “This slide summarizes the importance of breeding for climate change: during 2016 the “drought of the century” hit Morocco. The map shows FAO Sat data, with red indicating ‘stressed’ crop in February, which actually died (violet) in April. The droughts occurred both early and again late combined with heat stress. The yield losses for farmers were huge. During that year, the commercial variety ‘Karim’ was planted side by side in the same plot size and management with the ICARDA new release Faraj, and you can see the difference it made to farmers. The reasons for this resistance are the deeper root system of Faraj, its terminal heat tolerance, and its resistance to a devastating pest: Hessian Fly”
- However, progress via breeding can not be achieved without genetic diversity. Luckily, thanks to efforts on several scientists since 1976 ICARDA has one of the largest collections of cereals and legumes in the World. And more important than the number is the fact that the vast majority of ICARDA’s genebank accessions are landraces, most of the unique.
- As indicated for ‘Faraj’, the resistance to the damaging pest HF ensures severe yield advantage under early droughts in North Africa. You can see here the huge differences between resistant and susceptible varieties when early droughts hit. In this case, a mapping population and a gwas panel were combined to identify the genomic region harboring an introgression from T. araraticum which guarantees the resistance I ‘Faraj’. Further, this QTL was converted into a KASP marker and validated on a completely independent set of germplasm. The markers are already commercially available at LGC Genomics for immediate use. The article describing this result has been approved and will become available soon on Molecular Breeding.
- As indicated before, the ability of the variety ‘Faraj’ to resist the heat stress was also critical to ensure higher yields under extremely dry conditions. To build heat tolerance, the durum and the bread wheat programs use stations in Senegal, Mauritania, and Sudan to test the germplasm under constant high temperatures. Few articles were published this year to describe these experiments. In particular, the work of durum wheat along the Senegal River resulted in good recognition with the awarding of the OLAM prize for innovation in food security, that is shared also with our research partners from SLU in Sweden and the investments made by the Swedish Research Council
- The combination of several of these drought adaptation technologies was promoted to farmers via a “food security” project funded by … Need to put here the donors.. The table here shows the results for durum wheat and compares the effect of adopting new ICARDA’s drought tolerant varieties vs the neighboring farmers using the currently commercial available ones. More than 1000 farmers were involved in this testing, and the average yield achieved are presented here, with drought tolerant varieties ensuring an astronomical ¼ yield gain (25%)