HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
BREEDING FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN TOMATO.pptx
1. KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OFAGRICULTURE , VELLAYANI
MASTER’S SEMINAR
HARISHA K
2021-11-113
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
1
WELCOME
2. Drought
Drought or moisture stress
is one of the most significant
environmental stresses
causing huge loss to the
agriculture.
Drought is often accompanied
by relatively high temperature,
affects photosynthesis ,reducing
crop yields.
Drought
Kumar et al . (2012)
2
3. (Blum, A. ,1988)
India has only 40%water
use efficiency of total
existing
irrigation projects
Around 68% of net sown area (140
million hectare) is affected by
drought conditions
50% of this area is known as severe
region where drought regularly.
(http://www.dsc.nrsc.gov.in).
3
4. Tomato &
Drought
Tomato & drought
It demands high
water volumes
throughout its life
cycle Water deficit
negatively
affects crop
development Celebi
(2014)
Alvarenga &
Coelho (2013)
Approximately
0.89 L to 2.3 L of
water daily
during growing
period.
Sensitive stage
are flowering
& fruiting stage
Its cultivation
requires costs
exceeding
US$19.000 /ha
The cost of
irrigation in
tomato production
is more than 10%
of the total cost
de Oliviera et al .
(2021)
4
6. •INTRODUCTION
•DROUGHT
•DROUGHT RESPONSE MECHANISMS
DROUGHT ESCAPE
DROUGHT AVOIDANCE
DROUGHT TOLERANCE
GENETIC MECHANISMS OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE
DROUGHT HARDENING
•BREEDING STRATEGIES FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN
TOMATO
RESPONSE OF TOMATO PLANT FOR DROUGHT
BREEDING MECHANISMS FOR DROUGHT TOLERANC E
IN TOMATO
•CASE STUDIES
•CONCLUSION
•FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONTENTS
6
7. What is
Drought??
From
Agriculture
point of view
Drought is the inadequacy of water
availability, including precipitation and
soil moisture storage capacity, in
quantity and distribution during the life
cycle of a crop to restrict the expression
of its full genetic yield potential.
Introduction
Inability of plants to
meet the evaporation
demand. It is likely
develop to a different rate
in different plant organs.
Cited by Kumar et al . (2012)
7
10. What
happens to
plants during
Drought
Drought effects structure of
membranes and
organelles, structure of
proteins and nucleic acids in
plant cells
It alters flowering
period affects the fruit
set.
Drought alters the leaf
water potential leads
to increase in
transpiration
It alters the
osmoregulation of
plants leads to
accumulation of
solutes
It reduces the plant
growth by reducing
the cell enlargement
As water stress
increases, older leaves
senesce to various
degrees, reduces leaf
area
It leads to closure of
stomata fully and
losing the turgour
pressure.
Decrease in cell
water content and
plant enters the
pre-lethal stage
Rao et al . (2021)
10
13. 2. Phenological traits
1.Early to maturity
3.Anthesis
7.photosynthecity
2.Late flowering
4.Silking interval
5.Seedling vigour
6.Weed
competativeness
Rao et al . (2021)
13
14. 3. Physiological &
Biochemical traits
1.Osmotic adjustment
3.Stomatal conductance
2.Specific leaf weight
4.Absisic acid(ABA)
5.Electrolyte leakage
6.Heat shock protein
Rao et al .(2021)
14
15. Early flowering,
fruit set
Flowering and fruit
development
Tuberization and
tuber
enlargement
Flowering and fruit
set
Flowering and pod
development
Kumar et al . (2012)
Critical stages of
drought stress in some
vegetable crops
15
16. Response of physiological traits to drought
conditions
Stomatal tolerance increases
under stress
Stomatal
conductance
Photosynthetic
capacity
Single plant
leaf area
Rooting
depth
)
Jones et
al . (1999)
Lawlor and
Cornic
(2002)
Walter and
Shurr (2005)
Hoad et al
. (2001)
16
17. Response of physiological traits to drought
conditions
Osmotic
adjustment
Membrane
composition
Antioxidative
defense
Stress-related
proteins
Tyerman et
al . (2002)
Reddy et al .
(2004)
Ramanjulu
and Bartels
(2002)
Serraj and
Sinclair
(2002)
17
21. Stress – responsive genes
Stress proteins
Early responsive to dehydration
(ERDS genes)
ABA ABA RESPONSIVE GENES
(ABAR GENES)
ABA responsive element
(ABARE)
Dehydrin
Osmotin
LEA protein
Abscisic Acid under stress
21
24. Drought Response Mechanisms (DRM)
Drought is a sustained period of time without significant rainfall and
there are three mechanisms involved in drought .
Drought
Response
Mechanism
24
25. Drought Response Mechanisms
Drought Escape
Early flowering and
short growth duration
Drought Avoidance
Minimizing
water loss Maximizing
water uptake
Drought Tolerance
Osmoregulation
Closing stomata
Leaf rolling
Senescence of older
leaf
Leaf glaucousness
Increasing root
proliferation
Increase in root
length & decrease
in root volume
Osmotic
adjustment
Stomatal
regulation
ABA, ROS
scavenging
Classification of Mechanisms
Rao et al .( 2021)
25
26. Drought Escape
The ability of a crop plant to
complete its life cycle before
development of serious soil
and plant water deficits is
called as drought escape
This mechanism involves rapid
phenological development i.e.
early flowering and maturity,
variation in duration of growth
period depending on the extent
of water scarcity.
Rao et al . (2021)
Kumar et al . (2012)
26
27. Plant Adaptation Early maturation
lesser
leaf area
index
Low
inferior
yield
potential
Low total
evapotranspira
tion
Adaptations to Drought Escape
Rao et al . (2021)
27
28. It refers to the ability of a crop to endure periods without significant
rainfall even as maintaining a high plant status at high plant water
potential, i.e., dehydration postponement or drought avoidance
Dehydration avoidance can be achieved either by reducing
transpiration (water savers) or increased water uptake (water
spenders).
Drought Avoidance
Rao et al . (2021)
Kumar et al . (2012)
28
29. It alters the root depth and
density, root hair
development
It adjusts the sink-source
relationships
Drought avoidance mechanisms are
associated with physiological whole-plant
mechanisms such as canopy tolerance and
leaf area reduction.
This mechanisms increases
water uptake, reducing
water loss confer
drought avoidance
It decreases radiation,
adsorption and
transpiration
Mechanisms of drought avoidance
29
31. Drought tolerance
Drought tolerance of a genotype means that a significantly lower
level of changes in it than those in another genotype when both of
them are subjected to the same level of dehydration
Plant growth regulators, water channel proteins, stress
responsive proteins, transcription factors and signalling pathways
actively participate in conferring drought tolerance in crop plants.
Kumar et al . (2012)
31
33. Root characters are inherited polygenically where the
dominant alleles govern long and more numbers of roots
Ekanayake et al. (1985)
Leaf moulding (Turner . 1979) and osmotic adjustment
(O’Toole and Moya . 1978) have revealed monogenic
inheritance
Drought tolerance is a quantitative trait governed by
many genes hence Drought tolerance =
f( morphological, physiological & biochemical traits)
The identification, inheritance and action of genes
responsible for morphological and physiological traits
in some crops .
Genetic mechanism of Drought tolerance
Kumar et al . (2012)
33
34. Genes conferring drought tolerance and their salient features
Stress induced
transcription factors
Stress induced
transcription factors
Stress induced Ca-
dependent
protein kinase
Mn-superoxide dismutase
Vacuolar H+ -
pyrophosphatase
4.
5..
Oh et al
. (2005)
Hu et
al .
(2006)
Saijo et al
. (2000)
McKersie
et al .
(1996)
Gaxiola et
al . (2001),
Park et al.
(2005)
34
35. Genes conferring drought tolerance and their salient features
6. otsA
otsB
Escherichia coli trehalose
biosynthetic genes
7.
Mannitol-1-phosphate
dehydrogenase
14-3-3 protein
NADP-malic enzyme
d-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate
synthetase
8.
9.
10.
Garg et al .
(2002)
Yan et al
. (2004)
Laporte
et al .
(2002)
Kavi Kishor
et al.
(1995), Zhu
et al.
(1998)
Abebe et al
. (2003)
35
36. Screening for drought tolerance
Drought tolerance the interactive
result of diverse morphological,
physiological and biochemical
traits and thus, these components
could be used as strong selection
criteria to screen out appropriate
plant ideotype.
Kumar et al . (2012)
36
37. Why screening is
required …????? To identify
the superior
lines
To eliminate
undesirable
one
To overcome
environmental
stress
To study the
particular
trait
37
38. Sl. No. Instruments/ techniques
used
Screening for the purpose
of
References
1. Infrared thermometry Efficient water uptake Blum et al .
(1982)
2. Adaptation of psychometric
procedure
Evaluation of osmotic Morgan (1980)
3. Diffusion porometry technique Leaf water conductance Gay (1986)
4. Mini-rhizotron technique Root penetration, distribution
& density
Bohm (1974)
5. Infrared aerial photography Dehydration postponement Blum et al .
(1978)
6. Carbon isotope discrimination Increased water-use efficiency Farquhar and
Richards (1984)
7. Drought index measurement Total yield and number of
fruits
Clarke et al .
(1984)
8. Visual scoring or measurement Maturity, leaf molding, leaf
length, angle, orientation,
Mitra (2001)
Screening procedure or technique for drought tolerance
Kumar et al . (2012)
38
39. Drought hardening
In pre-sowing treatments, seed is
soaked in water for 24 hr. and
dried in sun before they are sown
in the main field.
In post sowing treatment, a slight
moisture stress applied to young
seedlings to recover their drought
resistance during later stages of
growth.
Drought hardening refers to an agronomic practice to improve the
resistance of genotype to drought as a consequence of seed/seedling
treatment.
Rao et al . (2021)
39
41. • Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) is
grown widely under indoor and outdoor
condition throughout the world.
• It has covered a large area under
cultivation.
• So far the contribution towards human
nutrition is concerned, it has become an
important commercial crop.
Tomato
Solanum lycopersicum L
Genus : Solanum
Family : Solanacae
Chromosome no : 2n = 24
Origin : S.America &
Maxico Mishra (2022)
41
42. Tomato is an economically important crop and
ranks first in vegetable production in worldwide.
Tomato is one of the most widely grown and eaten food
crops in the world, with an annual global production of
about 186 million metric tons.
It is a rich source of vitamins A, B and C. It has
medicinal values and used for blood purification .
It is a model plant species, due to its diploid, relatively
compact, and recently sequenced genome and its
large genetic and genomic resources.
Importance for breeding in tomato
42
43. Importance of tomato
Fruits used for processing have certain characteristics
that are related to processing quality, such as high
viscosity, high TSS.
India is the second largest vegetable producer after
china with 11% production share in the world.
Tomato is marketed and used either fresh or processed
resulted in two distinct industries for the crop.
This crop can serve as a source of income for farmers
as a because of its potential growth and employment
creation - Anang et al . (2013)
Fentick (2017)
43
44. S
Self-pollination in tomato leads to the expression of
recessive mutation and there is lack of gene duplication.
The tomato genome size (1C amount) is generally
considered as approximately 95 pg of DNA, can be used in
sequencing due to its small size.
Tomato genetics is quite advanced. Qualitative genes and
quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the domestication
syndrome traits have been identified.
Molecular mapping ,development of advanced-backcross
and introgression lines provided strong tools for the
improvement of the tomato crop.
Genetics of tomato
44
45. S
Self-incompatibility is a common feature of the wild
relatives of the tomato, and is transmitted to hybrids with
L. esculentum
Genetic male sterility has also been reported and loci
producing male sterility identified and described.
The ovate gene is responsible for transformation from
round to elongate or pear fruit shape,
The fs 8-1 genes are responsible for square fruit shapes.
Genetics of tomato
Fentick (2017)
45
47. • Seed germination is sensitive to drought
lowers the seed germination.
Germination
• Solubilisation and translocation of minerals
are reduced in soil due to drought stress.
Water and mineral
uptake
• Drought increases, ABA concentration up to
50 times in leaves leads to stomato closure.
Abscisic acid and
stomatal behaviour
• Proline accumulation increases in plant
under drought stress increases root length.
Proline accumulation
• Drought , inhibits the cell division and
enlargement leading to reduction in
vegetative growth
Plant Growth and
development
Effect of drought stress in tomato
Jangid (2016)
47
48. S.No. Photosynthetic Parameter Effects
1. Net CO2 assimilation rate Decreased
2. Internal CO2 Increased
3. Stomatal conductance Decreased
4. Rubisco activity Decreased
5. Electron transport rate Decreased
Photosynthetic parameters affected by water limitation
in tomato plants
Source: Ather and Ashraf (2005)
48
49. Genetic responses of tomato plant to drought
During drought stress
several genes are activated in
plants, leading to
physiological and metabolic
changes against the stress
condition .
Stress induced genes regulate
synthesis of plant hormone
(ABA, ethelene), amino acids
(proline) and accumulation of of
protein (LEA, HSPs), osmolytes
(mannitol, sorbitol, proline ).
Jangid (2016)
49
50. Name Gene length
(bp)
Functions Descriptions Reference
erd15 974 Defense protein dehydratation
induced protein
Kariola et al.
(2006),
asr2 811 Transcription factor abscicic acid stress
ripening 2
Giombini et al.
(2009)
mkp1 3605 Signal transduction MAP kinase
phosphatase
Ulm et al. (2001
tsw12 891 Protein response
and damage repair
non-specific lipid-
transfer protein 1
precursor
Treviño and
O’Connell (1998)
cip1 3344 DNA synthesis, cell
growth and division
zinc-finger protein
CONSTANS
interacting protein
1
Ben-Naim et al.
(2006)
Characteristics of six sequenced genes potentially involved
in stress response in tomato
Sacco et al . (2013)
50
52. Tomato breeding
Flower of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) plant is
perfect having both male and female functional part
on the same flower.
Tomato can easily hybridized with same species and
also with wild varieties in suitable conditions to permit
gene transfer from wild species.
Wild species of tomato have been utilized in breeding
programs during the past seventy years to improve the
cultivated tomato.
Breeding methods have been changed after the
developments of molecular biology and bioinformatics.
Iqbal et al . (2019)
52
53. Tomato Genotypes
To breed drought tolerant tomato hybrids
with high yield potential, several drought
tolerant wild species exist ( Foolad (2003) )
Solanum
chilense
Solanum
cheesmanii
53
56. Pureline selection
desi or old variety
1st year
2nd year
multi location yield trials
preliminary yield trials
Individual plant progenies
3rd year
4th to 6th
year
7th year
A tomato parent with drought tolerance is crossed
with high yielding parent to develop segregating
individuals.
In F2 generation best performing plants are selected
in both drought stress and irrigated situations.
Seeds from the chosen plants are collected to raise
new plant progenies.
New plant types are grown to screen best progenies
and superior plants among the population to develop
pure lines variety.
Rao et al . (2021)
56
57. Mass selection
1st year
2nd year
multi location yield trials
preliminary yield trials
Superior are selected & bulked
3rd to 5th
year
6th year
A number of phenotypically superior tomato
plants and fruits from the field population.
These are harvested and bulked them together for
sowing in the next year’s crop.
This process is repeated till desired characters are
achieved.
New plant types are grown to screen best progenies
and superior plants among the population to develop
pure lines variety.
Mishra (2022)
57
58. Pedigree breeding
variety A X variety B
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bulk
plot
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5 to F6
F7
F8 to F10
Plant
rows
Families
of plant
rows
Preliminary
yield trial
yield trial
Making a controlled cross of desired tomato
cultivars.
visual selection is done among individual
plants in every generations.
This method produces new varieties faster
than mass selection.
Mishra (2022)
58
59. Mutational breeding
Irradiation dosages between 0 and 300 Gy were
applied .
Mature plants of M1-M4 generation were screened in
a rainout shelter and physiological traits for drought
stress were identified.
Roots of mature plants were also assessed and the
variation observed could be correlated with drought
tolerance.
Kumar et al . (2012)
59
60. Mutational breeding in Tomato
Two Cuban tomato varieties
(INCA 9-1 and Amalia) were
irradiated by 60Co γ-rays at doses
of 300 and 500Gy (Gonzalez et al.,
2005).
Selection was made for genotypes. In
M6 generation, evaluation was
conducted under water stress
conditions .
Plants of each of the best mutant lines,
four of them from INCA 9-1 variety
and three from Amalia.
Kumar et al . (2012)
60
61. Heterosis method
The F1 hybrids have
some favourable
traits such as
uniformity and
better resistance to
diseases but their
economic advantage
over standard
checks.
Heterosis has been
achieved successfully
in a number of self
pollinated crops too
such as tomato even
though the
heterozygote
advantage has not
been unequivocal.
The F1 hybrids
development in
self-pollinated
crops follows to a
large extent
scheme used for
cross-pollinated
species
61
Mishra (2022)
62. Biotechnological approaches
Developing and utilising genetically-
transformed plants, commercial applications
are exploited.
The first commercially developed genetically
modified tomato cultivar is Flavr Savr.
Now advanced tomato lines are available
having drought tolerant gene can exploit
for developing drought tolerant cultivars.
Mishra (2022)
62
63. Difficulties in drought resistance breeding
Difficult to maintain plant population in controlled
conditions like moisture stress & temperature in
field.
Plant breeder should use combined selection devices
with other useful resources seems laborious.
Estimating of all drought resistant characters is a
difficult task and not simple , required costly
instruments.
Breeder has to make additional breeding efforts to
increase the yielding ability of the plant.
Rao et al . (2021)
63
65. Objectives of study :
Screening of tomato genotypes for drought
tolerance with full yield potential and better qualities .
1.
65
66. 32 Genotypes of tomato were
evaluated with 2 treatments
and 3 replications using
FCRD design
Drought stress was imposed to after
15 of transplanting, watering each
plot regular intervals
Observations are recorded 60dys
after transplanting.
66
67. Findings of study
Genotype LE-114 showed maximum root fresh weight.
Genotypes LE-144 and IIVR-L have highest Chrorophyll
Stability Index.
Genotype LE-114 recorded high proline content fallowed by
IIVR-L
Ovelall genotypes LE-114, IIVR-L, LE-57, LE-27 can be used
for breeding for drought tolerant.
67
68. Objectives of study :
To identify the possible drought-
tolerant genotypes from morphological and physiological
traits in new generations.
2.
68
69. Two genotypes(GBT_2037 –
drought-sensitive and
GBT_2016 –intermediate
drought-tolerant) were used as
female parentals and
acommercial hybrid (drought
tolerant) were used .
Two crosses are made :
GBT_2037 x commercial hybrid(C1)
GBT_2016 x commercial hybrid(C2)
•8 plants of each parental (P1 and P2),
8 plants of each backcross (BC1 and
BC1), and 15 plants for each F1
generation are evaluated for water
stress tolerant.
Commercial
hybrid GBT_2037 GBT_2016
69
70. Findings of study
Cross between GBT_2016 and Commercial hybrid resulted in
plants’ ability to maintain turgor under drought stress conditions.
Genetic variability regarding drought stress tolerance was found in
the studied F2 generations of tomato plants.
This hybrid also shows higher leaf expansion capacity, relative
water content, and chlorophyll content in the leaves.
70
71. Conclusion
Drought tolerant mechanisms are necessary in order to exploit
drought tolerant traits in tomato.
Wild species of tomatoes are necessary to develop drought tolerant
cultivars .
Integration of various streams are necessary in order to achieve
superior traits with drought tolerant in tomato
71
72. Future prospects
Large screening experiment is necessary in tomato cultivar to identify
highly desirable source of drought tolerance.
Search for identification and utilization of potential tolerance
component include genes & protein in tomato beyond the limit of wild
species.
Character which are easier to measure , compared to yield must be
identified in tomato & verified for drought tolerance.
72
