2. INTRODUCTION
Women (as farmers, agricultural workers and
entrepreneurs) -backbone of agriculture-
development of rural and national economy- food
security.
Make up more than 2/3rd of the workforce in
agricultural production & allied activities in rural
India.
Have less access to agriculture related assets,
inputs and services. If they had, women could boost
yield by 20-30 per cent; raising the overall
agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-
4% which could lessen the number of hungry
people in the world by 12-17%, besides increasing
women’s income (FAO, 2011).
Women guarantee livelihood. 2
3. Women have been putting in labour not
only in terms of physical output but also in
terms of quality and efficiency.
Aside from raising children, maintain the
homestead, and assist in crop and animal
production, all the while tending to the
general health of their families.
3
5. Role of women in
various components of
IFS
CROP COMPONENT:
•SOWING
•NURSERY
MANAGEMENT
•TRANSPLANTING
•WEEDING
•IRRIGATION
•FERTILIZER
APPLICATION
•PLANT
PROTECTION
•HARVESTING
•WINNOWING
•STORING
5
7. As seed selectors and in seedling
production.
Their knowledge on seeds and seed
storage contribute to the viability of the
agricultural diversity and production.
As weeders, women contribute to crop
management.
Women prepare and apply green and
farmyard manure.
Integrated pest management practices:
women's work will increase due to more
labour-intensive activities.
7
8. LIVESTOCK
DAIRY
There are 75 million women engaged in
dairying as against 15 million men and 20 million
in animal husbandry as compared to 1.5 million
men.
Cattle shed cleaning
Taking care of animals
Milking & its processing
Fodder collection
Chaff cutting
Feeding
Making dung cakes
Collection of FYM
Preparing compost 8
9. Indoor jobs like milking, feeding, cleaning, etc. are
done by women in 90% of families while
management of male animals, fodder production &
marketing are effected by men.
Women account for 93% of total employment in
dairy production.
Depending upon the economic status, women
perform the tasks of collecting fodder, collecting
and processing dung.
Dung composting and carrying to the fields.
Women also prepare cooking fuel by mixing dung
with twigs and crop residues.
Though women play a significant role in livestock
management and production, women's control
over livestock and its products is negligible.
The vast majority of the dairy cooperative
membership is assumed by men, leaving only 9
10. SHEEP-GOAT
Cleaning of shed
Taking care of animals
Collection of litter &
preparing manure
Feeding
Grazing
POULTRY
Cleaning of shed & feeding bowls
Feeding activity
Picking up eggs
Handle heating on
day old chicks
Collection of litter &
preparing manure
10
11. SILVICULTURE
In India, women are the major
gatherers and users of a
much more diverse range of
forest products than men.
Primarily Non-timber Forest
Products (NTFP) are
collected by women and
timber by men.
Apart from fodder and fuel,
women collect food, medicinal
plants, building materials,
material for household items
and farm implements.
As women are the ones who
have traditionally been
collecting forest products,
they possess the knowledge
of properties and potential 11
13. AQUACULTURE
Take less part in fishing, feeding, etc. but
major part in processing.
Fish drying/curing, marketing and net
mending are the main areas of women's
involvement
13
14. SERICULTURE
Women are mostly favoured
because of their industrious
nature.
About 60% of total working force:
Raising food plants i.e. Mulberry
garden
Leaf cutting
Silkworm rearing
Reeling, spinning & weaving
Textile industries
APICULTURE
Limited access of women (afraid
of bees).
Production of value added
products from hive products offer 14
15. WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENT
Deforestation has increased time and distance involved in
grazing and collection of fuel and food.
Distance to forests or other sources of fuel, type of farming
system, etc. have explained increases ranging from 45
minutes to 5 hours in women's work time. Moreover, it has
also threatened income generating opportunities for women
by affecting livestock rearing and collection of NTFP.
Women play a key role in both land use and management.
They supply inputs from the forests as fertilizer to the soil as
well as fodder for the cattle, which produce fertilizer for the
soil. In India there were women-headed movements for
forest protection such as Chipko and Appiko.
15
16. •Women have also
been the source of
knowledge relating
to conserving and
maintaining the
quality of water.
•Depleting water
resources have
also impacted
women severely in
terms of longer
walk and more
work, as they are
principal collectors 16
17. Needs:
Despite many policy reforms, gender issues
have not received the attention they deserve.
Hence, the current situation has to urgently
change.
With changes sweeping agriculture and
other sectors, gender issues have become
more important and dynamic. Therefore, it
has become necessary for the scientists,
policy makers, development professionals
and the civil society organizations to
understand the issues in national, regional
and global context and share their
knowledge and experiences to design more
focused action for enhancing and harnessing
the capability of women who are an 17
18. Conclusion
Agriculture, the single largest production
endeavor in India, contributing about 18% of
GDP, is increasingly becoming a Female
Activity.
48% of India’s self-employed farmers are
women.
Almost all women in rural India today can be
considered as ‘farmers’ in some sense,
working as agricultural labour, unpaid
workers in the family farm enterprise, or
combination of the two. Moreover, several
farm activities traditionally carried out by
men are also being undertaken by women
as men are pulled away into higher paying 18
19. “When women are empowered and can
claim their rights and access to land,
leadership, opportunities & choices,
economies grow, food securities
enhanced & prospects are improved
for current and future generations”
-Mitchelle bachelet
19
20. References
Farming performance of farm women
-P.Gidda Reddy
Women in agriculture and rural
development
-Shakuntala sridhara,
B.Nagachaitanya, A.K.Chakravarthy,
M.K.Nagamani, T.K.Prabhakara
Shetty
Internet sources
20
22. RAPID COMPOSTING
METHODS
Composting is the process in which organic
substances are reduced from large volumes of
rapidly decomposable materials to small volume of
material which continue to decompose slowly. 22
23. High temperature Composting
Hot fermentation process
First by Shrikhande, later by
Acharya (Bangalore)
Materials first decomposed
aerobically for 5-6 days to
obtain initial temp of 60-75oC,
later entire mass is pressed
down & mud plastered.
Recovery of C & N: Trench
system > heap method.
Optimum moisture level: 55%
Kills pathogens, weed seeds,
fly-maggots,etc.
Ready in 4 months. 23
24. Chinese rural composting
Night soil, urine, sewage, animal dung &
chopped plant stalks.
Chopped plant stalks human & animal
wastes + water.
Bamboo poles- aeration- withdrawn on
2nd day.
Mud plastering-3cm.
Temp.: 60-70oC (within 4-5 days)
Holes are then sealed
1st turning: after 2 weeks
Moisture: water or urine
Ready within 2 months.
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26. IBS Rapid Composting Technology
Inoculating plant substrates with Trichoderma
harseanum(cellular decomposer)culture.
Composting time: 21-45 days(depends on
substrate).
Composting- under shady area
Steps:
Chopping of substrate
Mixing of Carbonaceous substrates with
Nitrogenous ones at 4:1 ratio or less.
Loose piling of substrate.
Platform raised-30cm, perforated bamboo trunks
provided.
CFA broadcasted: 1% of total weight of substrate.
Heap- covered completely.
Temp= or >50oC
Turning: every 5-7 days upto 2 weeks. Once in
every fortnight later.
Sun drying: 10-12% moisture 26
27. EM-based quick composting
Effective micro organisms: photosynthetic
bacteria, lactobacillus, streptomyces,
actinomycetes, yeast, etc.
9 pits in a unit: measuring 6’*4’*8’(L*B*H)
Raw materials: cow dung- 2 portion; rice husk-1
portion; rice-husk chrcoal-1 portion; rice
bran(milled)-1portion; accelarator-33L of EM
solution or Trichoderma solution per pit.
Procedure:
• 15 cm layer of mixture of all ingredients except
accelerator.
• Sprinkle accelerator
• Repeated.
• Pit- covered with plastic sheet.
• Mix : 2-3 weeks later. 27
28. Coir pith compost
Aerobic composting.
Heap of 4’*3’*4’(L*B*H) is
made.
Nitrogenous source- urea
@5kg/t or fresh poultry
litter @200kg/t.
Microbial inoculum-
Pleurotus spp
Aerobic condition: Turning-
once in 10 days or
inserting perforated PVC or
iron pipe.
Moisture:60%
Watering:10-15 days
interval
Ready: within 60 days 28
29. Sl.no. Parameters Raw coir pith(%) Composted coir
pith (%)
1 N 0.26 1.24
2 P 0.01 0.06
3 K 0.78 1.20
4 Lignin 30.0 4.80
5 Cellulose 26.52 10.10
6 C:N ratio 112:1 24:1
29
30. Sugarcane trash compost
Sugarcane produce 10-
12 t dry leaves /ha/crop.
Easily composted using
fungi like Aspergillus,
Penicillium, Trichoderma.
For1 ton of trash-
50 kg fresh dung
5kg rock phosphate
2kg inoculum
Mix all inputs with trash,
form heap with a
minimum height of 4’
Turning: once in 15
days. 30
32. Pressmud compost
For 1t: Pit-
2m*1m*1m
1/3rd portion is
spread in the pit over
which 2 bags of
Trichoderma viridae
or Pleurotus sp. is
added.
5kg urea, 50kg cow
dung/FYM are
added.
Layers are repeated.
Decomposition-40 32
38. Phospho-Sulpho-Nitro-compost
Bright sunny sight is selected.
Inputs: (to prepare 1000 kg PSNC)
1000 kg organic wastes
200kg cow dung
333 kg rock phosphate
120kg pyrites(22% sulphur)
13kg urea( dissolve in 20 L water)
50kg soil
38
39. Method:
30kg organic waste spread on the floor
30kg cow dung
Urea solution
17kg rock phosphate
6kg pyrites
Portion of finely powdered soil
Spray water (60-70% moisture)
Repeat (upto 3-4 ft height)
39
40. To accelerate decomposition process:
Fungal culture-500g mycelial mat/t
Bacterial culture having 108 viable
cells/ml (50ml /kg)
Turning: 1st, after 2-3 weeks.
2nd , 2 weeks later.
Heap is covered with cow dung slurry
and polythene sheet.
Ready in 4 months (usually 6 months for
bio inoculum untreated)
40
41. Conclusion
Conventional methods of composting
take about 4-6 months upto 1 year &
decreases land use.
Following the rapid methods
advantage conventional method by
increasing the land use and number of
compostings per year.
41
42. References
Rapid composting methods- Indian
Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal
Composting technology
-Laxmi Lal & D.K.Gupta
Internet sources
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