Pest of forest nurseries

1. PEST OF FOREST
NURSERIES
Forest nurseries are the motherland of forestry
programmes
The non availability of seedlings due to damage
caused by the insects,nematodes,diseases etc
becomes main constraint for production of the
seedlings.
Among all those damages,the insect cause the
damage upto 45% and become the major
constraints in production of forestry seedlings.

2. FOREST ENTAMOLOGY
An area of forest constitutes of about 56 million
hecter of total area in india.among those which
are destructive to the india forest insects paly a
vital role in and causes annual loss of 10% of the
total forest rvenue in which it mainly causes
damage to the seeds,nurseries,transplants and
forest produts also.To study all those insects the
FOREST ENTAMOLOGY has been established
and is devided as...

3. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY
Pest of pest of failed pest of seeds and pest of forest pest of standing
nursery and stored timber fruits produts trees
pest of natura forest pest of
man made
industrial forest

4. FOREST ENTAMOLOGY
the forest nursery is attacked by the various pests
which are feeding on the various parts of the of
forest seedlings and these pest are devided as...
WHITE GRUBS/CHAFFERS• WHITE GRUBS/CHAFFERS
• ROOT FEEDERS
• DEFOLIATERS
• SAP SUCKERS

5. CHAFERS/WHITE GRUBS
The different spp. Of white grubs cause damage to
forest seedlings and are as fallows
HOLOTRICHIA CONSANGUINEA:
F-SCARABIDAE O-COLEOPTERA
These grubs feed on the rootlets and cortical tissues
of the seedlings and cause the death of the
seedlings.
HOST:Acacia nilotica
Aibizia lebbek
Prosopis cineria

6. Controle;
Bed fumigation with
bromochloropicrin and
applying of phorate
granules will decrese the
white grubs

7. MALADERA INSANABILIES
• O-COLEOPTERA F-SCARABIDAE
• Thses grubs will feed on the leaves of the
seedlings and act as defoliaters of the plant.
• HOST:Prosopis cinaria
• Acasia nilotica

8. RHYNIPTIA LAEVICIPS
O-COLEOPTERA F-SCARABIDAE
These will also feed on the leaves of the
seedling and act as defoliaters of the seedlings
HOST:Prosopis cineria
 Acasia nilotica

9. CONTROLE MEASURES
These can be controlled by
application of
chloropyripause and bed
fumigation with
bromochloropicrin
The soil before preparing the
bed should be ploughed so
that grubs are can be
destriyed by handpicking.

10. • Indian arid zone covers 31.7 million ha hot desert and 0.78 million ha cold desert, which is about 12 percent of the
country‟s total geographical area. The mean annual rainfall in the region varies from 100 mm in the north- western
sector of Jaisalmer to 550 mm in eastern districts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. The rainfall is highly erratic having
65 percent coefficient of variability. The vegetation in the Indian arid zone is very sparse , scanty and thorny. However,
the forests and trees like many other plants, suffer from attack by insect pests and diseases which cause a lot of damage,
resulting in poor tree growth, poor timber quality, and in some cases, complete destruction and reduction of forest cover
in Indian arid zone also. Thus, trees and forests need to be protected from these agents of destruction. With the ever
increasing human and livestock population, the amount of forest per capita is declining particularly in the less
industrialized or developing areas of the world. It is estimated that the land under forest in developing countries is about
2100 million hectares, or more than half of the forested land on earth. Considerable effort is needed therefore to
increase the productivity of the existing forests and to afforest suitable areas. Diseases and insect pests constitute the
major biological determinants of forest productivity in the natural forests and particularly in plantations, thus offsetting
the effort in increasing wood production to meet the growing needs of an increasing population. The trees selected for
seed production can have individual branches covered with sleeves or pollination bags made from woven glass fibre
material to exclude the pest species. Insecticides like Endosulphan and Tetrachlorvinphos are effective against bruchids.
Some parasites and predators can be successfully used to control the bruchids Parasites attack on egg, larvae and pupal
stages. Bruchid eggs, because of their position on the out side of a pod, are easily located by parasitoids. Uscana
sumifumipennis has been reported be a group of egg parasitoids associated with bruchids. Bruchids fall to complete their
life cycle in presence of mites (Acarina) of the genus Pymotes. They feed on egg, larvae pupae and adults of bruchids.
Pymotis boylei is most probably the species which attacks on bruchids.
• Meeta sharma
• arid forest research institute,jodhpur ,Rajastan

11. ROOTF EEDERS
• THESE WILL FEED ON ROOTS AND CAUSE
DAMAGE TO THE ROOTS AND CAUSES
WILTING OF PLANT AND FINALLY LEADS TO
DEATH OF THE PLANT NURSERY.
• ODENTOTERMIS OBESUS:
• O-ISOPTERA F-TERMITIDAE
• HOST:Acasia nilotica
• Dalberzia sissoo

12. MICROTERMIS MICROPHAGOUS
• O-ISOPTERA F-TERMITIDAE
• HOST:Acasia nilotica
• Dalberzia sissoo
• in both the spp,the workers will feed on it and
cause damage to the plant and leads to the
death

13. CONTROLE:
spraying of
chloropyripause to
the seedlings will
help to controle the
termites in the
nursery seedlings.

14. DEFOLIATERS
BRACHYTRYPES PORTENTOSUS:
O-ORTHOPTERA F-GRYLLIDAE
Both adults and nymphs will cause the danage
to the seedlings by scraping the green matter
on the leaves and they also cut the young
seedlings and leads to death of young
seedlings.
HOST:Tocomella undulata
Albizzia lebbek

15. PAPILEO DEMOLEOUS:
O-PAPILIONIDAE F-LEPIDOPTERA
These caterpillers will feed on the leaves and
causes defoliation of leaves and feed on green
matter and decreases the photosynthesis
HOST:Albizzia lebbik

16. PLECOPTERA REFLEXA:
O-LEPIDOPTERA F-NOCTIDAE
These also feedson the leaves of the forest
seedlings in the nurseries and feed on the
green matter by scraping the leaves.
HOST:Dalberzzia sissoo

17. MYLLOSERUS DALBERZIAE:
O-COLEOPTERA F-CURCULIONIDAE
The adukt of these insects feed on leaves and
acts as defoliters
HOST:Moringa oleifera
Dalberzzia sissoo

18. PATIALUS TECOMELLA:
O-COLEOPTERA F-CURCULIONIDAE
The drubs of these insects will feed on the
leaves and decreses the seedlings vigour and
cause the death of the seedlings
HOST:Tocomella undulata

19. Mites on tilia spp Budworm on picea spp
Thrips damage on leaf

20. SAP SUCKERS
The insects belongs to these group will make
wounds on the seedlings or cause damage to
the seedlings mechanicakky and enter into the
seedlings and suck the sap from seedlings sand
make plant to wilt and in sevear condition it
leads to death.pecially from the tender parts of
the shoots and the important spp and their host
are....

21. ACADILEYRODES RACHIPORA
O-PYRHACORRIDAE F-HEMIPTERA
This is the one of the important spp among the
sap suckers spp.and it effects no. Of spp.of the
forest seedligs and its host are....
Acasia nilotica,Acasia torti,Acasia
senegal,Dalberzzia sissoo,Ecalyptus
spp,leucena luecophal,pongamia
pinnata,prosopis cineria Etc....

22. APHIS GOSSYPII:
O-HEMIPTERA F-APHIDIDAE
HOST:Albezzia lebbeck,Acasia nilotica
The nymohs and adults cause damage to the
seedlings and decreses the vigour of the
seedlings.
DYSDERCUS SIGULATUS:
O-HEMIPTERA F-PYRHACORRIDAE
HOST:PONGAMIA PINNATA
The nymphs and adults are will cause damage .

23. OXYRACHUS TARANDUS:
O-HEMIPTERA F-MEMBRACIDAE
HOST:Acasia nilotica
Alberzzia lebbeck
Prosopis cineraria
PULVINARIA MAXIMA:
O-HOMOPTERA F-COCCIDAE
HOST:Azadircta indaica
The adults and nymohs of both these spp.will suck
the sap from the seedlings and leads to the death
of the seedlings

24. EURYBROCHIS TEMENTOSA:
O-HOMOPTERA F-EURYBRACHIDAE
HOST-Acasia nilotica
Albezzia lebbeck
Dalbergia sissoo
Prosopis cineria
Prosopis juliflora
Nymphs and adults of these spp.will suck the sap
and causes damage to seedling

25. Thrips damage as sucker Dysdercus on pongamia
Hemipterans on prosopis

26. DISEASES AND INSECT IN FOREST NURSRY
SUONENJOKI RESEARCH STATION.
FINLANDThe forest-products industry and nonindustrial private landowners in the southern United
States depend on forest-tree nurseries for the production of high quality seedlings. Nursery
managers have long used methyl bromide fumigation to provide broad spectrum control of
weeds, disease-causing organisms, nematodes, and insects. Due to the phaseout of methyl
bromide by 2005, it is imperative to determine the pest problems that will affect nursery
production in the future, and to develop appropriate control strategies. Since 1995 we have
been assessing pest problems and evaluating various fumigants including metam sodium,
basamid, chloropicrin and methyl bromide for the control of pests and the production of
seedlings. More recently we have turned our attention to assessing the potential benefits of
other chemical (e.g., herbicides, seed treatments) and nonchemical (e.g., solarization, cover
crops) pest control practices. Differences in seedling production frequently have not been
observed between fumigation treatments and nonfumigated controls in our studies. Weeds,
particularly nutsedge (&SHUXV spp.), have been the most evident and severe problem.
Although herbicides are available for most weeds found in southern pine nurseries, their use
to control nutsedge and other difficult-to-control weeds have not been fully developed. We
have not observed major losses in our studies that could be definitively attributed to
diseases or nematodes. Information is presently lacking on the rate at which populations of
disease-causing organisms and nematodes rebound in nurseries following fumigation.
Although finding acceptable alternatives to methyl bromide is essential, developing the
means to adequately predict pest problems is equally important. In the future, additional
emphasis needs to be given to development of more comprehensive integrated pest
management programs rather than just the evaluation of broad spectrum fumigants.
Stephen W.Fraedrich and L.David Dwinell
USDA Forest Service,Southern Research Station,Athens , GA

27. BIOFUMIGATION IN FOREST NURSERY AN
ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL FUMIGATION?
Organic matter, composts, manure usually emit volatile substances such as ammonia
and
carbon dioxide during the process of fermentation. Such gases revealed to be highly
toxic
for most of soilborne pathogens and nematodes.
Vegetables crop under greenhouses in the south part of Spain never suffer from
soilborne
diseases as a result of biofumigation occurrence.
Preliminary results carried out in controlled conditions showed that 48 and 96 hours
exposure to volatile substances released from urban composts reduce greatly damping-
off
caused by the Rhizactonia solani to pine seedlings .
Biofumigation associated with solarisation can be the most promising mean of the
integrated control of disease prevention program
B.Lebhihan,R.Perrin and P.Camporata
Suonenjoki Research Station in Finland

28. Integrated Pest Management is a system that combines cultural, biological and chemical
technologies to reduce insect, fungal and weed populations to levels below those that result in
economic damage. Nursery managers in the southern United States currently use many
practices to
control pests of southern pine seedlings. Over the last three decades, improvements in chemical,
cultural, and biological pest control practices have increased seed efficiency (defined as the
number
of plantable seedlings produced divided by the number of pure live seed sown) and reduced the
percentage of production costs associated with pest control. As crop values increase, the
economic
thresholds for applying control measures decrease. However, since the statistical power of most
trials in bareroot nurseries is low, the likelihood of experiments that detect ‘‘real’’ treatment
difference
(e.g. those that consistently increase seed efficiency to the point where economic returns are
affected) will be low. This paper describes some current practices in southern pine nurseries
and
provides some economic injury levels for various pest control treatments.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN NURSERY

29. ETL and EIL for various IPM treatments
David B south and Scott A Ennebaak
School oF Forest Sciences and Wildlife Sciences,Auburn University

30. A SEED EXCLOSER THAT AVOIDS THE SEED PREDATION,HAWAI DIVISION
OF FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE,KAMUELA