knowledge of drug addiction, abuse, tolerances

1. APOLLO COLLEGE OF PHARMACY ANJORA {DURG}
 Drug addiction
Guided by :
Suruj Kaushik
Prepared by :
Deepti, Upasana,
Avinash, Kushak, Laxmikant
 Drug abuse
 Drug tolerance

2. DRUG ADDICTION
Introduction :
Drug addiction is A chronic disease affecting the brain, and just about
everyone is different.
DRUG ADDICTION EXPLAINS IS CHARACTERIZED BY A PERSON
HAVING TO USE THE DRUG REPEATEDLY, REGARDLESS OF THE
DAMAGE IT DOES TO :
* THEIR FAMILY
* THEIR HEALTH
* THEIR CAREER
* THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH FRIENDS AND THE COMMUNITY

4. WHAT IS ADDICTION
 Addiction is not limited to drugs and alcohol. People can be addicted to
many things, such as food, gambling or most anything that gets in the
way of a healthy life style.
 When the person is no longer in charge of their life, regarsless of the
triggering mechanisms, they are addicted.

5. STAGE of DRUG ADDICTION
* STAGE - 1
• Curiosity is the motivator
• Learning to trust/mistrust the drug
• “High” is still a new feeling
* STAGE - 2
• User is thinking more about drugs
• User uses when alone
• User still thinks they have control

6. * STAGE - 3
• Seeks out the HIgH
• Has confidencein using the drug
• User think the drug wont hurt
• Peer group uses
* STAGE - 4
• Can no longer get high
• User uses the drug to avoid being sick
• Drugs become the center their Life

7. Drug abuse
 Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for
the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. There are over
190 million drug users around the world and the problem has been
increasing at alarming rates, especially among young adults under the age
of 30.
 Apart from the long term damage to the body drug abuse causes, drug
addicts who use needles are also at risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis B
and C infections.
 The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter
drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be
used, or in excessive amounts. Drug abuse may lead to social,
physical, emotional, and job-related problems.

9.  Causes of drug use
Drugs of abuse are usually psychoactive drugs that are used by people for
various different reasons which may include:
Curiosity and peer pressure, especially among school children and young
adults
The use of prescription drugs that were originally intended to target pain relief
may have turned into recreational use and become addictive
Chemicals may be used as part of religious practices or rituals
Recreational purposes
As a means of obtaining creative inspiration

10.  Symptoms of drug abuse
Some of the symptoms and consequences of drug abuse include:
Failure to fulfil ones responsibilities (e.g., as a parent, spouse or student)
Taking risks such as driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol
Encounters with the law and criminal activities both as a result of drug side
effects and as a means of securing funds to feed the addiction
Domestic abuse and recurrent fights
Absence from work or school

11.  Treatment
Treatment involves multiple approaches that include:
Pharmacological treatment
Substitution therapy
Psychological approaches such as counselling
Support groups
Rehabilitation

13.  What is the Difference Between
Addiction and Drug Abuse?
Drug abuse or substance abuse is when you use a drug, even when you know it is
harmful to your health.
o It includes taking illegal drugs and using prescription medicine
differently from how your doctor prescribes. Taking illicit drugs like
heroin or cocaine is substance abuse. So is taking prescription drugs
at higher doses than your prescription requires or mixing them with
another substance to enhance their effects. Taking prescription drugs
recreationally to experience their pleasurable effects is also a form of
substance abuse.

14. o Drug abuse can cause long-term damage to your physical and mental
health. It also increases the risk of an overdose, which is when you take
more of a drug than your body can process. Overdosing is very
dangerous and can be fatal. Overdose was the leading cause of injury-
related death in the United States in 2019.
o Substance abuse also causes devastating social damage. The National
Institute on Dru Abuse reports that drug abuse leads to the spread of
‘hepatitis, HIV, fetal defects, crime, violence, and disruptions in home,
workplace, and educational environments. It costs the United States
billions of dollars every year.
o The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders classifies chronic drug abuse – when you
abuse a drug over a long period – as a disorder/disease.

15. Drug tolerance
 Tolerance is a person's diminished response to a drug, which occurs when the drug is used repeatedly and
the body adapts to the continued presence of the drug.
 Drug tolerance is a commonly misunderstood term. It is not the same thing as addiction, and it can happen
with both prescription and recreational drugs.
 In many cases, tolerance happens when someone has been taking a certain drug for an extended period of
time. The receptors or enzymes in their brain and body are less activated by the drug, so it is not as
effective.
 This means that in order to experience the same effects they initially did, they need to increase their
dose of the drug. A doctor can prescribe a higher dose of a person’s medication if they have developed
a tolerance.

17.  What are the risks of drug tolerance?
Drug tolerance can be a challenge in the treatment of certain conditions, including:
 chronic pain
 immune-related conditions
 seizure disorders
 some mental health conditions
When tolerance develops, doctors have to find new ways to effectively manage
symptoms.

18.  How is drug tolerance addressed if you need medication?
 As mentioned, tolerance can develop to many classes of medications and is a normal
reaction. Your doctor will carefully monitor you to manage the effects of tolerance.
 In some cases, your doctor might slowly stop the medication and restart it after a break,
depending on the condition. This gives your body a chance to reset. It doesn’t always work
long term but can be one option to try.

19. EXAMPLES OF DRUG TOLERANCE
Some medications and conditions with reports of tolerance include:
Anti-depressants. Depression symptoms can worsenTrusted Source in
some people.
Antibiotics. They can have weaker effectsTrusted Source. This is
different from drug-resistance.
Anxiolytics. Your body may developTrusted Source tolerance and
dependence. Anticonvulsant and other effects of benzodiazepines, a
type of anxiolytic, aren’t well understood. GABAA receptors may play a
role.
Cancer. Multi-drug toleranceTrusted Source can develop after initial
success in the treatment of different cancers. A “drug holiday” can
sometimes reset effectiveness.

21. Drug Dependence
What is drug dependence?
 Drug dependence occurs when you need one or more drugs to function. The
American Psychiatric Association (APA) used to distinguish between dependence
and abuse. Abuse was considered the mild or early phase of inappropriate drug use
that led to dependence. People viewed dependence as a more severe problem than
abuse.
 The APA replaced “dependence” and “abuse” with “substance use disorder” in the
2013 edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
This diagnosis focuses on the disorder involving the use of the substance.

22.  How drug abuse can lead to dependence
The National Institute on Drug AbuseTrusted Source estimates 22.7 million Americans need help
treating a drug or alcohol problem. In some cases, people may take a prescription medication for
pain or another medical condition. This kind of use can sometimes develop into a substance use
disorder.
The following are known triggers for substance use disorders:
 having a family history of addiction
 living in an environment where illegal drugs are often used and easy to access
 having a history of anxiety
 having a history of depression
 having a history of other mental health conditions
 Drug users typically pass through certain stages on the way to drug dependence. One way that
healthcare providers describe these stages is with the Jellinek Curve. The curve tracks typical
stages experienced through occasional use, dependence, disorder, and rehabilitation.

23.  Treating drug dependence
 When drug abuse escalates to dependence, treatment becomes complicated. You
must stop using the drug, but doing so abruptly can cause physical symptoms. You
may need the help of a healthcare provider to rid your body of the substance. This
can be done on an inpatient or outpatient basis.
 Substances that mimic the effects of illegal drugs may help reduce the symptoms
of withdrawal during treatment. Detox programs use a combination of therapy and
medical treatment to ease dependence and treat the disorder. Ongoing therapy
sessions may be needed after you’re released from a treatment program.
 Extreme cases of intoxication, withdrawal, or overdose may need emergency care
before addiction and dependence can be treated.

24. What’s the difference betWeen drug tolerance and drug
dependence?
 The difference between tolerance and dependence has to do with how the body reacts
to the presence or absence of a specific drug.
 With tolerance, certain cell receptors in the body that activate when the drug is
present stop responding like they once did. Your body might clear the medication
faster, too. Scientists still don’t fully understand exactly why this happens in some
people.
 With dependence, if the drug isn’t present or the dose is suddenly reduced, you might
experience withdrawal. This means the body can only function normally when the
drug is present. It can happen with many drugs. In some cases, dependence can lead
to addiction.
Withdrawal symptoms will depend on which drug you’ve been using. They can be
mild, like nausea or vomiting, or more serious, like psychosis or seizures.
 If your body is dependent on a drug, it’s important to not abruptly stop taking it. Your
doctor will put you on a schedule to gradually ease off the drug to avoid withdrawal
symptoms. They can also recommend resources to support you.
 Tolerance and dependence are different from addiction. This is a more serious
condition.

25. Reference:-
 https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/drug-abuse-addiction
 https://medlineplus.gov/druguseandaddiction.html
Drug addiction:-
Drug abuse
 https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/drug-abuse-addiction
 https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Drug-Abuse.aspx
Drug tolerance
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_tolerance
Drug dependance
 https://www.healthline.com/health/drug-dependence
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-dependence