Chapter 1

1. CHAPTER 1 :
ORGANISATION OF
PLANT TISSUES
AND
GROWTH

2. PLANT TISSUES
Meristematic Tissues Permanent Tissues
Apical
Meristematic
Tissues
Lateral
Meristematic
Tissues
Epidermal
Tissue
Ground
Tissue
Vascular
Tissue
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Phloem Xylem
Figure 1.1
The organisation of tissues in plants

3. PERMANENT TISSUE
Permanent tissue are matured tissues which have experienced or
are experiencing differentiation
There are three types of permanent tissues which include
epidermal tissues, ground tissues and vascular tissues, each
carrying out different function.

4. Xylem
Epidermal
Tissue
Ground
Tissue
Phloem
Epidermal
Tissue
Phloem
Xylem
Ground
Tissue
Phloem
Xylem
Epidermal
Tissue
Figure 1.2
Position of Permanent Tissues Figure 1.3
Micrograph showing the position of ground
tissues in a stem of a plant
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma

5. Table 1.1 : Types of permananet tissues and their functions
Permanent Tissues Structure and Function
Epidermal Tissue  Epidermal tissues layer the outermost surface of stems, leaves
and roots of young plants.
 Epidermal cell walls which are exposed to the air have a waxy
and waterproof layer called cuticle.
 The cuticle reduces loss of water through evaporation
(transpiration), protects the leaf from mechanical injuries and
pathogens.
 There are modified epidermal cells according to their functions:
• Guard cells – control the opening of the stoma
• Root hair cells – increase the surface area of the root for
water and mineral salts absorption.

6. Table 1.1 : Types of permananet tissues and their functions
Permanent Tissues Structure and Function
Ground Tissue:
Parenchyma
Tissues
 Parencyma tissues are simplest living cells and do not go
differentiation.
 They have the thinnest cell walls.
 Parenchyma tissues are always in a turgid state providing
support and maintaining the shape of herbaceous plant.
 Involved in photosynthesis, help in the storage of starch and
sugar, and involved in gaseous exchange.
 Involved in the repair and regenaration of plant tissues as well
as in the vascular system.

7. Table 1.1 : Types of permananet tissues and their functions
Permanent Tissues Structure and Function
Ground Tissue:
Collenchyma
Tissues
 Collenchyma tissues are made of living cells which mature into
cells that are flexible.
 Have cell walls made of pectin and hemicellulose.
 Their cell walls are thicker than parenchyma tissues.
 Provide mechanical support and elasticity of plants.

8. Table 1.1 : Types of permananet tissues and their functions
Permanent Tissues Structure and Function
Ground Tissue:
Scelerenchyma
Tissues
 Scelerenchyma tissues consist of dead cells when they are
matured.
 Their cell walls are thickest among the three ground tissues.
 Provide support and mechanical strength to the parts of
matured plants. These tissues also help in the transport of
water and nutrients in plants.

9. Table 1.1 : Types of permananet tissues and their functions
Permanent Tissues Structure and Function
Vascular Tissue:
Xylem
 Xylem is made up of dead cells without the cytoplasm.
 Their cell walls of xylem contain lignin.
 Consist of xylem vessels that are elongated, hollow and
connected to each other from its roots to the leaves.
 This enables xylem to transport water and mineral salt to all
parts of a plants.

10. Table 1.1 : Types of permananet tissues and their functions
Permanent Tissues Structure and Function
Vascular Tissue:
Phloem
 Phloems are made of companion cells and sieve tubes.
 Made of living cells, which is the sieve tubes with the presence
of cytoplasm.
 The sieve tubes do not have any organelles such as nucleus and
ribosome as they decompose at maturity stage.
 Phloems consist of sieve tubes arranged from end to end
forming elongated and continuous tube structures.
 Phloems transport sugars produced from the photosynthesis
from the leaves to storage organs such as roots, fruits and
tubers.

11. Table 1.1 : Types of permananet tissues and their functions
Permanent Tissues Structure and Function
Vascular Tissue:
Phloem
 Phloem are made of companion cells and sieve tubes.
 Made of living cells, which is the sieve tubes with the presence
of cytoplasm.
 The sieve tubes do not have any organelles such as nucleus and
ribosome as they decompose at maturity stage.
 Phloem consists of sieve tubes arranged from end to end
forming elongated and continuous tube structures.
 Phloem transports sugars produced from the photosynthesis
from the leaves to storage organs such as roots, fruits and
tubers.
FORMATIVE PRACTISE
1. State and example of cell modified from epidermal
cells.
2. Explain the differences of parenchyma, collenchyma
and sclerenchyma tissues. (Table form – Cells, Cell
walls and functions)
3. How is the structure of xylem adapted to its
functions?