Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Methodology is useful to guide and help in order to obtain the objectives of a research project. This consists of the purpose, assumptions, limitations, philosophy, strategy, data collection method, sampling method, scaling, data analysis, validity and reliability of the research. The methodological choices reported give guidelines for the way which should collect necessary information for this study investigation and analyzing matters.

1. Research Methodology
Dr. Hamed Taherdoost
Founder of Hamta Group
OBS Tech Limited
Hamta Academy
Senior Member of IEEE
(www.hamta.org)

2. “I AM HAMED TAHERDOOST,
the award-winning leader and R&D Professional, and the founder of Hamta Group.
I have over two decadesof experience inboth industry and academic sectors, and
I have beenhighly involvedin development of several important projects in
different industries.
I have beenan active multidisciplinary researcher working withresearchersfrom
various disciplinesand have been actively engagedinseveral academic and
industrial researchprojects.
My viewson science and technology have beenpublished in top-ranked scientific
publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Emerald, IEEE,IGIGlobal, Inderscience, Taylor
and Francisand have published over 120 scientific articles,sevenbookchapters
as well as six books in the fieldof technology and researchmethodology.
I am Senior Member of IEEE, IASED, IEDRC,Working groupmember of IFIP TC 11,
Member of CSIAC, & ACT-IAC.2
HELLO!

3. 3
Research Methodology
Methodology is the systematic, theoreticalanalysis ofthe methods applied to
a field of study.
It comprises the theoreticalanalysis of the body of methods and principles
associated with a branch of knowledge.
Methodology is usefulto guide and help in order to obtain the objectives ofa
research project.
This consists of the purpose, assumptions, limitations, philosophy, strategy,
data collection method, sampling method, scaling, data analysis, validity and
reliability of the research.
The methodologicalchoices reported give guidelines forthe way which should
collect necessary information for this study investigation and analyzing
matters.

4. 4
RESEARCH STEPS
Clarify the
Research
Topic and
Questions
Design the
Study and
Determine
Method
Conduct
Final
Survey,
Collect and
Collate
Data
General Area of Interest
Discuss the Idea with Supervisor
Turn Idea into theMeaningful and
Manageable ResearchQuestions
Obtain a variety of sources
(Contact to Libraries, Used Online
Databases)
Read Articles and Books
Conducting Systematic Review
Discuss with Supervisor
Evaluating and Classifying
Collected Information
Writing up
Research
Presenting
Data Analysis
Interpret Information
Write First Draft
Consult Supervisor
Survey Design
Select Sample
Analysis Literature Review
Identify e-service
Acceptance Constructs
Discus w ith Supervisor
Starting Research
Proposal
Peer review
Presenting
Questionnaire Design
Design Data Collection Instrument
(Develop Website)
Data Protection and Confidentiality
Store and Clean the Data
Consult Supervisor
Find an Appropriate
research Strategy
Choosing the methods
Research philosophy
Participant Involvement
Sampling

5. 5
RESEARCH PURPOSE
A research design is a detailed plan or framework that assists to guide researcher through the
research process, allowing a superior probability to obtain research objectives. Research purpose
regularly is classified into five classifications as follows:
▫ Exploratory : In exploratory research the researcher conducts research into a research problem
where there currently exists very little, if any, earlier work to refer to. The aim of this type of
research is to develop a better insight into a particular topic, leading to the development of a set of
hypotheses.
▫ Explanatory : It refers to the studies that establish causal relationship between variables. The
emphasis here is on studying a situation or a problem in order to explain the relationship between
the variables. In the explanatory study, theories or at least hypotheses are used by researchers to
account for the forces that caused certain phenomenon to happen.
▫ Descriptive : Descriptive investigation explains the phenomena, as it exists. It is used to determine
and gain data on the characteristics of a particular issue. Descriptive research is frequently used
when a problem is well organized and there is no intention to examine the effect and cause relations.
▫ Reporting : This may be made only to provide an account or to summation of some data or to
generate some statistics. The information readily available and task may be quite easy.
▫ Predictive :It provides a plausible expounding for an event after it has happened and it able to
presage when and where the event will occur.

6. 6
RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY
Two terms often used to describe the main research philosophy which are qualitative
and quantitative.
▫ Quantitative Study : This examines data that are numerical. A quantitative
study is determined by studying some variables on many elements and is also a
structured and formalized method. The purpose of quantitative research is to
specify the communication between independent variable and dependent or
outcomevariable in a population.
▫ Qualitative Study: Qualitative inquiry refers to all non numeric data or data that
have not been quantified. It examines data that are narrative. It shares good
company with the most rigorous quantitative research. Qualitative research is
link with both inductive and deductive studies. It is viewed as subjective and
involvesdata collection methodssuch as interviews.

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RESEARCH STRATEGY
Research strategy refers to the common plan that researcher follows to answer the research
questions. The types of research strategy and their associated questions are:
▫ Action research (how)
▫ Case study (how, why)
▫ Experimental (how, why)
▫ Survey (who, what, where, how many, howmuch)
▫ Timehorizon (who, what, where, how many, how much)
▫ Archivalanalysis (who, what, where, how many, howmuch)
▫ Comparative(how, why, what)

8. 8
DATA COLLECTION METHOD
There are two types of data, the first are primary data which and the second are secondary data, that is
data that has already been published.
▫ Primary Data : It is information gathered for the purpose of study. Researcher collect data using a range
of collection tools such as interviews, observation and questionnaires, rather than simply relying on
existing data sources. In otherwords, thedataare unique to theparticular study.
▫ Secondary Data : In contrast to primary data, These kind of data have been collected by other
researchers. Secondary data encompass a range of different sources. Some of these sources are; general
reports, theses, news, dictionaries, bibliographies, encyclopedias and citation indices
Primary Data
Collection
Questionnaire
•Postal
•Email
•Fax
•Online
Interviews
•Face to face
•Telephone
•Focus groups
Observation
•Participant
Non-participant

9. 9
SCALING METHODS
Questionnaire items are divided to two main categories:
▫ Open question is one in which the respondent does not have to indicate a specific response. Open questions
have a tendency to generate lengthy answers.
▫ Closed question is one in which a respondent has to choose from a limited number of potential answers.
Scaling methods are :
Rating Scales
Graphic Rating Scales
Itemized Rating
Scales
Comparative Rating
Scales
Attitude Scales
Semantic Differential
Likert Scale

10. 10
Validity
Internal
Construct Content
Face Sampling
External
External validity is the extent to
which the findings of study can
be generalized to other cases
or settings.
Face validity concerns the extent to which an
instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure.
Sample validity ensures that
measure includes all areas
within the nature of study.
It is defined as
establishing correct
operational measures
for the concept being
studied. In this
regards, questionnaire
items should be
discussed and
approved with experts
in the field of study.
Validity describes how well
the collected data covers the
actual area of investigation.

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Research
Approach
Inductive Deductive
Research
Purpose
Reporting Explanatory Descriptive Predictive Exploratory
Research
Philosophy
Qualitative Quantitative
Research
Strategy
Experiment
Archival
Analysis
Comparative
Design
Case Study Survey
Action
Research
Data
Collection
Primary Secondary
Sampling
method
Probability
(Cluster)
Non-
Probability
Scaling
Method
Rating
Scale
Attitude
Scale
(Likert)

12. “Hamed Taherdoost, 2019, What Is the Best Response Scale for Survey and
Questionnaire Design; Review of Different Lengths of Rating Scale / Attitude Scale /
Likert Scale, International Journal of Academic Research in Management, Vol. 8, No. 1,
Page: 1-10,.
Hamed Taherdoost, 2017, Measurement and Scaling Techniques in Research
Methodology; Survey / Questionnaire Development, International Journal of Academic
Research in Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, Page: 1-5.
Hamed Taherdoost, 2016, Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How
to Test the Validation of a Questionnaire/Survey in a Research, International Journal
of Academic Research in Management, Volume. 5, No. 3, Page: 28-36.
Hamed Taherdoost, 2016, Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to
Choose a Sampling Technique for Research, International Journal of Academic
Research in Management, Volume. 5, No. 2, Page: 18-27.
Hamed Taherdoost, 2014, Exploratory Factor Analysis; Concepts and Theory,
Advances in Applied and Pure Mathematics, Page: 375-382.
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More Read …

13. “
ANY QUESTIONS?
You can find me at:
in/hamed.taherdoost
RG.net/hamed.taherdoost
orcid.org/0000-0002-6503-6739
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THANKS!