1. The document discusses the history of science and technology from various perspectives, including prominent figures and early civilizations that contributed to scientific developments. 2. It outlines key scientific ideas and technologies from early civilizations in Mesoamerica, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the development of science in the Philippines under different periods of influence. 3. The Marcos era saw several initiatives to advance science and technology in the Philippines through new government agencies, education reforms, and support for research institutions.

1. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE HISTORY
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
a. “thought experiment”
b. Appointed as a canon of Frombork Cathedral in Poland
c. Strongly influenced by a book entitled “Epitome” published by a German author, Johannes Muller in
1946.
d. Completed his idea and model of the universe in 1510.
e. “Commentariolus” (Little Commentary)
f. Book: De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) published in
1543 which is often cited as the start of the scientific revolution.
g. He placed the sun to be the center of the universe. The earth and the other planets are surrounding
or orbiting around the sun each year. However, the moon would still be seen orbiting the Earth.
Two kinds of Planetary Motion:
 The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the sun
 The orbits of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter lay outside the Earth, thus farther from the Sun.
a. The result would form a sequence from Mercury with a shortest year, through Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn with the longest year.
b. The problem with Copernicus model is the position of the stars.
2. Charles Darwin
a. Theory of evolution
b. “The Origin of Species” published in 1589. One of the most important works in scientific literature
c. His book presented how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that different
species.
d. He introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary
thinking.
e. in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that
this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection

2. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
• Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South
America
• Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of European countries.
Maya Civilization
• Guatemala
• Approximately 2,000 years
• Known for their works in Astronomy
• Incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other structures
• This allowed them to use their temples for astronomical observation
• Chichen Iza Pyramid Mexico
- Situated at the location of the sun during the Spring and fall equinoxes
• Known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems
- Tzolkin
- Sacred calendar
- 260 days : combines twenty day names with the thirteen day numbers
- The word tzolk'in means "count of days“
- used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial events and for divination.
- Haab
- Solar calendar
- 365 days: 18 months of 20 days each and a final short month of only 5 days
- each day is represented by a number-glyph combination
• Technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and
tools.
• Built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities
• Built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral ca lled
MICA
• Believed to be one of the 1st
people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received
its patent in 1844
• Mayan Hieroglyphics One of the first civilizations to use a writing system
• Created a number system
• Developed the concept of zero and positional value
Inca Civilization
• Peru
• The Incas used Scientific Ideas and tools which helped them in everyday life
• Roads paved with stones
• Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
• Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land
• Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season
• First suspension bridge

3. Quipu: A system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret
• Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements
Aztec Civilization
• Mandatory Education
• Chocolates: Aztecs valued Cacao beans highly; Mayan Civilization: used it as their currency
• Antipasmodic Medication
• Chinampa
• Aztec Calendar
• Canoe
Other Civilizations
Sumerian Civilization
• Mesopotamia (Iraq) – inhabited by Sumerians as early as 3,500BCE
• Primary livelihood was in agriculture
• Significant development: Cuneiform
• Cuneiform: First writing system; A set of pictures represented in symbols made of triangular marks
• Sumerians wrote their history and culture using a tool with a wedge-shape tip and symbols pressed
into wet clay tablets and air-dried.
•
• AGRICULTURE:
- Sumerians irrigated their fields by making dikes and canals
- They planted crops and raised some livestock
- Clothing made of woven wool from sheepskin
- Built roads
- invention of sailboat
Babylonian Civilization
• Border of Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in Iraq
• Considered as one of the great civilizations
• 3,500BCE until 500BCE
• The Code of Hammurabi: “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”
Greek Civilization
• Emerged around 1,100 B.C.E
• The Scientific works done by its wise and gifted men left a significant imprint in the development of
Science in this world and served as the foundation and pillars of western civilization
• Hippocrates: Father of Medicine; Hippocratic Oath
• Aristotle : behavior of plants and animals to their identification, descriprion and classification
• Pythagoras: Pythagorean Theorem
• Archimedes: Principle/Law of Buoyancy

4. Development of Science in Asia
• Biggest continent of the world and home of many ancient civilizations
• Host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages
• In the fields of Science, Technology, Mathematics: India, China, Middle East
India
• Large peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and huge mountains in its northern boarders
• Indians are known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works
• Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire
• Ayurveda: Originated in India before 2500 BC; Still practiced as a form of alternative medicine
• Susruta Samhita: Different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India
• Theories on configuration of the Universe: Spherical self-supporting Earth
Year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
• Siddhanta Shiromani: Written in the 12th
century; First 12 chapters talk about astronomy
• Indus Valley Civilization
• Mohenjodaro Ruler: standardize measurement to a length to a high degree of accuracy
• Aryabhatiya (476-550) trigonometric functions, tables and techniques, algorithms in Algebra
• Brahmagupta (628 AD) : gravity was a force of attraction; Explained the use of zero as both a
placeholder and a decimal digits; Hindu-Arabic System
• Madhaya of Sangamagrama: Founder of Mathematical Analysis
China
• One of the ancient civilizations in many areas like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts
and music
• Greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand,
Cambodia, Myanmar and other countries that belong to the OLD SILK ROAD
• They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human
illness.
• Acupuncture
• Developed many tools
• Famous discoveries during Chinese civilization:
Compass; Papermaking; Gunpowder; Iron plough; Wheelbarrow; Propeller
• Different models of bridges
• First seismological detector
• Dry dock facility
• Records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets
• Observed heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily
activities
• Used lunar calendars
• Seismology
• China made substantial contributions in various fields like mathematics, logic, philosophy and medicine
but cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into modern Science.

5. Middle East
• Golden Age of Islam
• Common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, and their proximity
to India were contributory to the intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their scholars
knowledge to create and develop new ideas
• Placed greater value on Science experiments
• Made significant improvements by using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific
theories set within a generally empirical orientation
• Ibn al-Haytham: Muslim scientist; Father of Optics ; Empirical proof of the theory of light
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi: “Algebra” : “al-jabar” ; Decimal point notation
• Jabir ibn Hayyan: Father of Chemistry
• Ibn Sina :Pioneered Science of experimental medicine; First Physician to conduct clinical trials
• Books:
• Book of Healing
• The Canon of Medicine
• Discovery of contagious nature of infectious diseases
• Introduction of Clinical Pharmacology
• Decline of the Golden Age of Islam started in the 11th
to 13th
century due to conquest of the Mongols
where libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions were destroyed.
Africa
• Blessed with natural and mineral resources
• Science already emerged in this part before Europeans colonized it
Egyptian Civilization
• Mathematics:
• Development of Geometry
• Egyptian pyramids and early dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of their
advanced civilization
• Egypt
• Center of Alchemy
• They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such
as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases
• Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stellar, or a combination of the three
• Metallurgy
• Iron technology
• Metal tools
• Lebombo Bone

6. Development of science and technology in the Philippines
Pre-Spanish Period
• Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippines, the natives of the archipelago
already had practices linked to science and technology.
• Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods
of extracting medicine from herbs.
• They already had an alphabet.
• Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.
• The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era
Filipinos.
Spanish Colonial Period
• The Spanish introduced formal education and founded a scientific institution.
• Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.
• During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
• Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including
the University of Santo Tomas.
• The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the later
years.
• The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by constructing government
buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts.
• Galleon Trade have.
• opening of the Suez Canal
• Age of Enlightenment
• Biologist
• Fr. Ignacio Mercado: propagated cacao in Bauan, Batangas
• Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
• Trinidad Hermenegildo José María Juan Francisco Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho
• Filipino physician, historian and politician of Spanish and Portuguese descent.
• Trinidad enrolled at University of Paris to continue his degree in medicine.
• One of his prominent professors was Etienne Stephane Tarnier (1828–1897),
an obstetrician and one of the pioneers of introducing Pasteur and
Lister theories in obstetrics.
• . book: 'Plantas Medicinales de Filipinas'
• Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero León María Guerrero y Leogardo
• the first licensed pharmacist in the Philippines
• "Father of Botany in the Philippines"; "Father of Philippine Pharmacy
• He also pursued special studies in ornithology and lepidopterology, securing him a
position as zoologist in the forestry bureau of the Spanish colonial government
• became professor at the Universidad Cientifica Literaria de Filipinas
• study: "Medicinal Plants" on 174 types of plants with healing elements.
• He experimented with explosive mixtures made from different plants known as
the Guerrero gunpowder, which was tapped by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's

7. revolutionary troops when their sulfur, charcoal, among others, ran out to fire
their muskets.
• Chemist
• Anaclento del Rosario
• "Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory"
• Del Rosario invented the formula for producing a pure kind of alcohol from tuba in
a nipa palm
• Del Rosario extracted castor oil from the palma Christi ("palm of Christ")
• Medicine Scholars
• Manuel S. Guerrero
• became part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines in January 8, 1877
• He was also a writer for the publications "La Republica Filipina, La Independencia,
and La Patria".
• Studied “beriberi” in infants in the Philippines.
• Infantile beriberi usually occurs between two and six months of age in
children whose mothers have inadequate thiamine intake. It may
present as either wet or dry beriberi.
• symptoms:
• Hoarseness
• Weight loss, Convulsion, Ill Temper
• Vomiting and Diarrhea
• Pale skin and Edema
• tachycardia
American Period and Post-Commonwealth era
• July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed
under the Department of Interior.
• The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The
Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
• On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science
• December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established. The Bureau of Science
became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II.
• Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and
pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy
with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
• In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science.
• In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which
were necessities to the country’s industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for
scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government.
• In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of
1958 which established the National Science Development Board.

8. Marcos Era and Martial Law
• In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9, he declared that the “advancement of
science and technology shall have priority in the national development.”
• In his Second State of the Nation Address on January 23, 1967, he declared that science was necessary for
the development programs, and thus, directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses
in public high schools.
• The Department of Education, with the National Science Development Board (NSDB), organized a project to
provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment over a four-year period.
• In his Third State of the Nation Address on January 22, 1968, he recognized that technology wasthe leading
factor in economic development, and channelled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and
science education.
• In his Fourth State of the Nation Address on January 27, 1969, he gave a big part of the war damage fund
to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science and technology and to research.
• He stated that he planned a project to have medical interns do a tour of duty in provincial hospitals to arouse
their social conscious and reduce the “brain drain.”
• On April 6, 1968, he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science
Community.
• The government also conducted seminars for public and private high school and college science teachers,
training programs and scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on
fisheries and oceanography.
• In his Fifth State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, he emphasized that the upgrading of science
curricula and teaching equipment is crucial to the science development program.
• He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry.
• The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute.
• The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy for economic
development.
• Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists to study nuclear
science and technology abroad, and providing basic training to 482 scientists, doctors, engineers, and
technicians.
• In his Seventh State of the Nation Address on January 24, 1972, he spoke about his major development
projects in reforming sectors of education. Such projects included research and development schools,
technical institutes, science education centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools.
• 1972: National Grains Authority
• He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research
• He provided further support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential Decree
No. 49, s. 1972. This decree contains details on the protection of intellectual property for the creator or
publisher of the work.
• Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) (Presidential
Decree No. 78, s. 1972)
• 1973: Philippine National Oil Company (Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973)
• 1976: National Academy of Science and Technology (Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976)
• 1978:Task Force (Executive Order No. 512, s. 1978)
• 1979: Health Sciences Center (R.A. No. 5163)
• 1980: National Committee on Geological Sciences (Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980)

9. • 1982: he reorganized the National Science Development Board and its agencies into a National Science and
Technology Authority (Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982)
• He granted salary increases to the people with teaching positions in the Philippine Science High School due
to their necessity in the advancement of national science. (Executive Order No. 810, s. 1982).
• He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the
University of the Philippines at Los Baños. (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
• 1986: Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School (Executive Order No. 1090, s.
1986)
Fifth Republic
Corazon Aquino
• 1986:National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology
• August 8, 1988: Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
• The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.
• encouraged scientists and inventors to bring the Philippines to its former position as second to only Japan in
the field of science and technology.
• One of the goals of her administration was to achieve the status as being an industrialized country by 2000.
• Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act”.
• R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988
• “Science for the Masses Program”
• The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the production
sector, upgrading research activities, and development of infrastructure for science and technological
purposes.
Fidel V. Ramos
• 1998: the Philippines was estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers.
• Two newly built Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao which promotes further development
of young kids through advance S&T curriculum.
• 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions related to S&T.
• Doctors to the Barrio Program
• Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act
No. 8439)
• National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology
• During his term, he was able to establish programs that were significant to the field of S&T.
• In 1993, Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established.
• Congress, during his term, was able to enact laws that were significant for the field.
President Joseph Estrada
• Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749)
• Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
• In “golden age” of science and technology by then secretary Estrella Albastro .
• “Filipinnovation”

10. • Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum.
• R.A. 9367 or the “Biofuels” act.
• Republic Act 10601- improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech).
-
Benigno Aquino
• conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in the Scientific field:
Gavino C. Trono’s contribution helped a lot of families in the coastal populations through the extensive studies
he made on seaweed species.
• Angel C. Alcala served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the
fields of systematics, secology and herpetology.
• Ramon C. Barba’s contribution changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year round availability of
mangoes through his studies on the induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop
species.
• Edgardo D. Gomez steered the national-scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led a national
conservation.
GOVERNMENT POLICIES on SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects and policies to boost the
area of Science and Technology
• Goal: to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and
capacitate the people to live in a world driven by Science
• ASEAN 2015:
NCRP
• Clustered the policies into four:
Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
• Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to its curriculum
• Emphasizing teaching the mother tongue
• Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
• Local Food Security
Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
• Emphasizing degrees, licenses and employment opportunities
• Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development.
Medical Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
• Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full
implementation of the Food and Drug Administration
• Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
• Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as a pool of information
• Allocating a two percent of the GDP to research
• Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
Biological Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry
• Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws
• Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
• Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people’s conservation
• Formulation of common food and safety standards

11. Government Programs through DOST
• Providing funds for basic research and patents related to Science and Technology. The government funds
basic and applied researchers. Funding of these research and projects are also from the Overseas
Development Aid (ODA) from different countries.
• Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of Science and
Technology.
• Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young Filipinos in the
field of Science and Technology.
• Creating science and technology sparks to encourage academe and industry partnerships.
• Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the Philippines or
conduct research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based scientists.
• Developing Science and Technology parks in academic campuses to encourage academe and industry
partnerships.
• The establishment or the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the University
of the Philippines campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more science and technology and engineering
manpower resources needed by the country. They also aimed to produce more researches in these fields.
PAASE (Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering)
• Establishment of National centers of excellence
• Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the ESEP to produce more PhD graduates in
Science and Engineering
• Establishment or regional centers to support specific industries that will lead the country in different
research and development areas
• Establishment of Science and Technology bussiness centers to assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship
ventures
• Strengthen Science education at an early stage through the Philippine Science High School System
Education
• Special Science classes were organized and special science elementary schools were established in different
regions
• Science and Mathematics in basic education were continuously improved
• The current K to 12 education program included Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
as one of its major tracks in the senior high school program
• CHED launched its PICARI Project to allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some
US-based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on researches
Other fields
• Use of alternative and safe energy
• Harnessing mineral resources
• Finding cure for various diseases and illness
• Climate change and global warming
• Increasing food production
• Preservation of natural resources
• Coping with natural disasters and calamities
• Infrastructure development