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Food security & livelihoods golam rasul, senior economist
- 1. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region International Workshop on Adaptations and Resilience of Local Communities in the HKH, Hamburg, Germany 9th-11th October, 2011 Golam Rasul, Theme Leader, Livelihoods
- 2. Outline 1. Background 2. Emerging issues & challenges 3. Potentials & Opportunities 4. Pathways towards a sustainable livelihoods & food security
- 3. Background
- 4. Mountain Livelihoods is Complex & Diverse Livelihood Systems Forest, range & pasture & watershed Livestock Field crops Off-farm income Nutrients Conservation Protection Food, cash Fuel wood, fodder, timber Meat, woo l, milk cash and service Cash, food security Animal power Nutrient Fodder, shed InputsInputs Interdependencies and inter-linkages of Livelihood systems and water
- 5. Mountain Livelihoods is Complex & Diverse Farm household Food security Forest, range & pasture & watershed Livestock Field crops Crops, horticul ture, agro- forestry Off-farm income Migration, wage labor, trade, etc Nutrients Conservation Protection Food, cas h Fuel wood, fodder, timber Meat, woo l, milk cash & service Cash income Animal power Nutrient Fodder, shed InputsInputs Interdependencies and inter-linkages of Livelihood systems and water
- 6. Background โข Land use: 63% pasture, 21% forest, 11% protected area only 5% agricultural land โข Livelihoods- HH Income - 48% from farm, 28% off-farm, 11% remittances, 13% from other sources (FAO, 2011) โข Agriculture largely subsistence- Low irrigation coverage 4.4 % in Nepal, 9% in India โข 30 million people depends on livestock & pasture in the HKH region
- 7. Food Security โข 65 % population food insecure โข - Food deficiency- 65 to 80 % households food deficient - 5 to 6 months โข In Nepal: per-capita food deficit is 37 kg in mountain, 23 kg in hills and have a surplus of 24 kg in Terai of Nepal (FAO, 2011) โข Poor Access to safe drinking water โ e.g., only 37% households in Manipur of India has the access to clean drinking water.
- 8. Energy Security โข Rural people largely depends on firewood for cooking โข 64.8 % households at Himalayan region of India depends on firewood โ in Uttarkhand it is 86.3%. โข In certain districts in Nepal, over 90 % households use firewood for cooking โข
- 10. Poverty incidence โข Pakistan 38 out of 120 districts are considered poor. Majority of these districts fall in Baluchistan & NWFP & almost all districts in the FATA (Kaspersma; 2007). States % Relative (India average = 100) Arunachal Pradesh 33.47 128 Assam 36.09 138 Manipur 28.54 110 Meghalaya 33.87 130 Mizoram 19.47 75 Nagaland 32.67 126 Sikkim 36.56 140 Tripura 34.44 132 Uttaranchal 47.42 182 All India average 26.1 100 Population below poverty line in selected hill states in India
- 11. Purpose โข Essential question is - how to improve livelihoods, reduce poverty, increase food security โข Understand โ Emerging issues & challenges- driving factors โ Options and opportunities โ Suggest strategies to improve livelihoods & food security
- 12. 2. Emerging Issues and Challenges โSocio-economic โClimatic
- 13. Key Trends โข Increased integration to national, regional & global markets โข Agribusiness, contact farming emerging in HKH region โข Increased outmigration: women are taking greater role in agriculture and other economic activities
- 14. Fragility Vulnerability Marginality Inaccessibility Adaptation mechanism Diversity Niches Mountain specificities Livelihoods & Food Security in a changing context โข Subsistence system => commercial โข Increase in efficiency & productivity โข High value & Niche products, Non-farm โข Increased mobility-migration, remittances โข Human poverty โข Livelihood insecurity โข Food insecurity โข Gender & social inequity
- 15. Emerging issues: Socio-economic โข Growing inequality, rural-urban, mountain-lowland โข Agricultural decline-High Energy Price, increased fuel prices, fertilizers, pesticides โข Outmigration- feminization of agriculture, shortage of agricultural labor, the abandonment of agricultural land โข Feminization of agriculture, additional work load to women, children โข Low investment- 80% of remittances goes consumption, only 2% capital formation โข Policies, institutions, technologies insensitive to mountain contexts
- 16. Emerging issues: Socio-economic โข HKH region home to ethnic minorities, scheduled caste, tribal population which are more vulnerable โข Growing environmental refugees, social unrest, violence > Human Security โ free from want, free from fear โข Social unrest -Poverty, marginality & economic deprivation have been a major source of unrest, uprising, even terrorism in hills & mountains of HKH Region
- 17. Emerging Issues: Climatic โข Climate change > reduced water availability in dry season for agriculture, horticulture , livestock raising โข The duration of average rainy days has reduced from 72 days to 58 days & quantity has reduced from 132 cm to 102 cm during 1990 to 2010 in Indian mountain (Tiwari & Joshi, 2012) โข Expected to decrease agricultural productivity 30% (Tiwari & Joshi, 2012) โข Declining Productivity, reducing profitability- shifting cropping patterns
- 18. Emerging Issues: Climatic โข CC Exacerbated the environmental hazards- land slides, flooding, โฆ โข Affected the livelihood of vast majority of rural people living in the region & downstream โข Human Settlements on the bank of glaciated rivers has become UNSAFE โข Growing risks & uncertainties โ
- 19. โข Potentials and Opportunities โFarm-based โNon-farmbased
- 20. Potential & Opportunities: Farm- based โข Comparative advantages on several products & services because of mountain Niche & Diversity โข Great potential for development of organic agriculture, horticulture, forest, pasture, livestock, hydroelectricity, herbs, medicinal plants, spices, โข Collective action- institutional innovations
- 21. Trends in Agriculture in HKH Region โข Transition from Subsistence to cash cropping: Horticulture, NTFPs, medicinal plants, potato, zinger, agroforestry, veget ables, spices, nuts,โฆ Potato has emerged as important cash crop in Bhutan & Nepal in mountain farmers seed potato crop Potato field in BhutanCardamom in India
- 22. Revolution in horticulture in the HKH Region Apple in India & Pakistan Pineapple in Bangladesh Grapes, Apricots in Afghanistan 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Assam Himachal Pradesh Jammu &Kashmir All India 1990-91 2000-01 2005-06 Increase % of area under horticulture in India Horticulture crops are 3 times more profitable (Rs.48,164/ha than the field crops (Rs.16,619/ha) [Sikkim, India] Trends in Agriculture in HKH Region
- 23. Trends in Agriculture in HKH Region โข Diversification of high value cash crops: mushroom, Matsutake farming and Cordyceps collection in hills & mountains Bhutan & Nepal Matsutake Mushroom Medicinal plants Beekeeping
- 24. Non-farm sector โข Tourism is growing - In Nepal, tourism contribute 3.5 % GDP, generated employment for 0.4 million โข Non-farm based rural employment is emerging slowly โข Climate Service- economic benefits through ecosystem services particularly carbon sequestration & biodiversity conservation. โข Better land management- increase carbon sinks in soil organic matter, above-ground biomass and avoiding carbon emissions through conservation tillage
- 25. Strategies โข Diversifying income sources through off-farm & nonfarm activities โข Promotion of non-farm employment & increased- value addition to mountain niche products โข Disaster preparedness- early warning systems, increased natural protection, insurance schemes โข Dissemination of locationally suitable technologies
- 26. Strategies โข Mountain specific policies, strategies โข Improve access and linkage to markets โข Introduce climate change adaptation measures โข Improve policy and institutional support โข Institutional mechanism for compensating for environmental services they generate through environmental friendly agricultural practices