Economic importance and Phenological description of maize
1.
2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND
PHENOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF
MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
Malik Ghulam Asghar
Department of Agronomy
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan
4. Introduction
Scientific name : Zea mays L.
Family : Poaceae (Gramineae)
Zea is an ancient Greek word which means “sustaining life”
Mays is a word from Taino language meaning “life giver”
(Kumar & Jhariya, 2013)
5. Introduction
Chemical composition of maize kernel
Moisture contents 12.2%
Carbohydrate 75.9%
Ash (Minerals) 1.2%
Protein 5.8%
Crude fibre 0.8%
Ether 4.1%
(Shah, et al., 2015; Cortez et al., 1972)
6. Maize status in Pakistan
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Wheat Rice Cotton Sugarcane Maize
Area(000ha)
Crops
Cultivated area of Pakistan
(GOP, 2018)
7. Maize status in World
5702
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
Production(000Tonnes)
Countries
Maize production in world
(USDA, 2018; Anon, 2018)
8. Maize status in World
4640
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Yield(kgha-1)
Countries
Maize yield in world (kg ha-1)
(USDA, 2018; Anon, 2018)
9. Economic Importance
Maize is a good source of:
• Carbohydrates
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Dietary fiber (Rouf, et al., 2016)
Maize is cultivated for fodder and grain purposes.
11. Economic Importance
Maize grain
1. Corn syrup (cosmetics, edible products)
2. Corn starch (thickener, bio-degradable plastic)
3. Corn oil (used in cooking, margarine)
4. Glue (used in industries)
5. Ethanol (used as solvent in varnish and paints)
(Gwirtz, et al., 2014)
12. Phenology
“Phenology is the qualitative and quantitative description of
a plant’s life cycle from seed to seed.”
13. Qualitative description
Development
▪ It includes division of plant life
cycle into distinct stages, such
as,
–Emergence
–Seedling development
–Tasseling
–Silking
–Maturity
Quantitative description
Growth
▪ It includes rate of dry matter
accumulation, it can be
assessed by:
–LAI
–LAD
–TDM
–CGR
–NAR
Phenology
Phenology of plant can be described in two aspects.
15. To study phenological development and growth analysis of
maize (Zea mays L.) an experiment was conducted at
Research area of Department of Agronomy, Faculty of
Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya
University Multan.
Materials and Methods
16. Field Preparation
Field was ploughed three times with cultivator followed by
planking.
Materials and Methods
24. Leaf area index (LAI)
▪ Leaf area was measured manually with interval of 15
days.
▪ One plant was harvested, all leaf were removed from
plant.
▪ Weight of one leaf was taken, then its length was
recorded, width was taken from top, mid and bottom then
averaged.
Leaf area = Length ✕ mean width (cm2)
Leaf area index was calculated by the following formula:
Leaf area index =
Leaf area
Land area
Procedure to record parameters
(Hunt, 1978)
25. Leaf area duration (days)
Leaf area was calculated by the formula given below:
LAD =
LAI1 + LAI2
2
✕ (T2 – T1)
where,
LAI1 = leaf area index at T1
LAI2 = leaf area index at T2
T1 = time of first observation
T2 = time of second observation
Procedure to record parameters
(Hunt, 1978)
26. Crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1)
Crop growth rate is dry weight accumulated per unit land
area per unit time.
CGR =
W2 − W1
T2 − T1
(g m-2 day-1)
where,
W2 = total dry weight at T2
W1 = total dry weight at T1
T1 = time of first observation
T2 = time of second observation
Procedure to record parameters
(Hunt, 1978)
27. Net assimilation rate (g m-2 day-1)
Net assimilation rate was determined by the formula given
below:
NAR =
TDM
LAD
(g m-2 day-1)
where,
TDM = total dry matter
LAD = leaf area duration
Procedure to record parameters
(Hunt, 1978)
45. Dry sample of maize stem Dry sample of maize leaves
Results and discussion
46. References
Anonymous, 2018. www.indexmundi.com [Accessed: 10 July, 2018]
CortÚz, A., Wild-Altamirano, CB, Braham, JE and BÚhar, M.,
1972. Contribution to the technology of corn flour. Nutritional
improvement of corn . Institute of Nutrition of Centro AmÚrica y
Panamá, Guatemala (Guatemala) AID, Washington (USA)
GOP, 2018. Economic survey of Pakistan. Economic Advisor’s Wing,
Finance Division, Islamabad.
Gwirtz, J.A. and Garcia‐Casal, M.N., 2014. Processing maize flour and corn
meal food products. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, 1312(1), pp.66-75.
Han, J.J., Jackson, D. and Martienssen, R., 2012. Pod corn is caused by
rearrangement at the Tunicate1 locus. The Plant Cell, pp.tpc-112.
Hunt, R., 1978. Growth analysis of individual plants. Plant Growth Analysis.
Indriani, N. P.; Yuwariah, Y.; Rochana, A.; Djuned, H., 2015. Effect of
intercropping between corn (Zea mays) and peanut (Arachis
hypogaea) with arbuscular mycorrhizal (amf) on the yield and
forage mineral content. Pak. J. Nutr., 14 (6): 362-365
47. References
Kumar, D. and Jhariya, A.N., 2013. Nutritional, medicinal and economical
importance of corn: A mini review. Research Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN, 2319 (2), pp. 7-8.
Linda Campbell Franklin, "Corn," in Andrew F. Smith (ed.), The
Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. 2nd ed. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2013 (pp. 551–558), p. 553.
Rouf Shah, T., Prasad, K. and Kumar, P., 2016. Maize—A potential source
of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food &
Agriculture, 2(1), p.1166995.
Shah, T.R., Prasad, K. and Kumar, P., 2015. Studies on physicochemical
and functional characteristics of asparagus bean flour and maize
flour. In Conceptual frame work & innovations in agroecology and
food sciences (pp. 103-105). New Delhi: Krishi Sanskriti
Publications. [Accessed: 10 July, 2018]
USDA, F., 2018. World agricultural production. United States Department of
Agriculture. [Accessed: 10 July, 2018]
In world, it is 3rd after wheat in rice.
In Pakistan, it is 5th
In maize production, Pakistan is at 17 number in world.
Pakistan is at 36 number in maize per ha yield.
Left Pioneer hybrid 354 (1958) spreading leaf
Right Pioneer hybrid 1365 (2013) Erect leaf
More plant population can be maintained.
Upright leaves increase the distribution of light in the canopy; less light is captured by the uppermost leaves and more light penetrates further down where it is captured by lower leaves, thereby increasing photosynthetic efficiency.