These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how electric vehicles will become economic feasible if the right design decisions are made to benefit from the falling costs of electronics. One key decision is the use of micro-grids to enable direct charging of the batteries, which is more efficient. A second key decision is the number of recharging stations and thus the frequency by which users can recharge their vehicles. More frequent recharging means smaller batteries can be used and thus the slow rate of improvements for energy storage densities can be overcome. A third key decision is wired vs. wireless charging. Wireless charging eliminates the time consuming maintenance and fitting problems of wires and thus enables faster hookups. It also benefits from the rapidly falling cost of electronics; the falling cost of ICs, power electronics, and thin-film coils means that wireless charging is likely to become economically feasible in the near future and allow the problem of low energy storage densities of batteries to be solved.

1. MicroGrids, Electric Vehicles and Wireless Charging
Team Cloud Nine
Eugene HengYi JianA0117099X
Marvin YipA0033694B
Lee Seng ChiewA0034358E
StannyYanuarA0098463R

2. Contents
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV
•Electric Vehicles (EV)
•Feasibility of Charging stations
•Future for charging stations
•Conclusion

3. Concept of Microgrid
Source: http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/mil-log/fort-bliss-microgrid-enters-demonstration- phase/

4. Concept of Microgrid
•Integration platform for power supply, storage units and demand resources in local distribution grid
–Distributed Generation Systems
–Demand management systems and energy storage units
–Grid Applications
Source: Microgrids: Architectures and Control(N. Hatziagyriou, 2013)

5. Benefits of Microgrid
•Energy savings –Direct DC charging
•Renewable-energy integration
•Improved control and monitoring
•Improved system reliability
•Facilitation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities
–Energy Storage Systems
–Electric vehicle integration
–Wireless Charging
Source: http://www.facilitiesnet.com/powercommunication/article/Converting-Power-from-AC-to-DC- Offers-Many-Benefits--13920

6. Drivers of Growth for Microgrids
•Power Supply
–Growth in Renewable energy sources => Lower electricity prices
•Power Demand
–Growth in usage of localisedGrid applications
•e.g. Electric Vehicles
–Growth in storage and discharging capacities and rates of energy storage units

7. Contents
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV
•Electric Vehicles (EV)
•Feasibility of Charging stations
•Future for charging stations
•Conclusion

8. Electric Vehicle
•A Vehicle that uses one or moreelectric motorsor traction motorsfor propulsion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
Main focus on RESS
(Rechargeable Electricity Storage System) for consumer products

9. Gasoline vs Electric Vehicle
In comparison to gasoline vehicle, electric vehicle has 6x lower cost for 1 mile drive. However, its driving range is only 1/3of gasoline vehicle per full charge. main drawback
http://www.snappygreen.com/plug-in-hybrid-electric-cars-the-future-is-here/

10. How can we increase driving range?
We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity.
But at what expense ?
-bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher
-more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed

11. How can we increase driving range?
We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity.
But at what expense ?
-bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher
-more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed

12. Battery Energy Density Trend
Double every 10 years
8% increase annually
Today’s Tesla Model S has 800 Wh/L energy density
http://electronicdesign.com/power/here-comes-electric-propulsion
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/panasonic-20091225.html

13. http://www.energyresourcefulness.org/Fuels/plug_ins.html
With Battery’s 8% annual rate of improvement,
Only in in 2047battery’s energy density can match Gasoline’s

14. How can we increase driving range?
We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity.
But at what expense ?
-bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher
-more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed

15. Energy density by various technology
http://liquidair.org.uk/full-report/report-chapter-four
Hi-tech

16. Cost of battery storage (per kWh)
From 2015 onwards, rate of improvement is more subtle at 5% (even on the case of high technology battery)
In order for electric vehicle to match the price and driving range of gasoline vehicle, cost of battery ($/kWh) needs to fall by 4 times unachievable even in 2035
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=6930

17. Future of battery
•Only in 2047, battery is able to catch up with gasoline in terms of energy density
•Even up to 2035, price of EV may not be able to match price of gasoline vehicle. Primarily due to cost of battery only drop by 5% annually
Other alternatives are needed to drive the penetration of EV to the consumer market

18. Contents
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV
•Electric Vehicles (EV)
•Feasibility of Charging stations
–Do we need more charging stations?
•Future for charging stations
•Conclusion

19. Charging standards & cost
http://www.driveclean.ca.gov/pev/Charging.php
$500-$3000
$12000-$15000
Cost of one DC Fast charge (level 2) is the same as the price of one 24 kWh battery (used by Nissan LEAF) Building more charging stations will open up opportunity to have smaller battery capacity, thus offering a cheaper Electric Vehicle

20. Wireless compared to wired charging
•Advantages :
–Protected connections (away from water/oxygen)
–Durability (less wear and tear)
•Disadvantages :
–Lower efficiency/slower charging
–More expensive
•Can the disadvantages be resolved in future?

21. Comparable to wired charging
http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/blog/80/is-wired-charging-more-efficient

22. Wireless Charging
•Component Breakdown
–MOSFETs
–MEMS
–ICs
–Thin Film Coils
•Analyzing the future of wireless charging

23. Wireless charger components

24. http://www.appliedmaterials.com/nanochip/nanochip-fab-solutions/december- 2013/power-struggle

25. Building blocks for charging system
•Diodes and transistors are two of the key building blocks
•To increase circuit efficiency, designers are replacing silicon components with those made from SiC.Switching to the wide band gap alternatives slashes recovery times, which means that the devices cannot only turn on and off more efficiently–they can be deployed in circuits operating at far higher frequencies

26. Building blocks for charging system
•Going up in frequency allows a trimming of the sizeof the capacitors and inductors
•SiCdevices have a far higher maximum operating temperaturethan their silicon equivalents, so cooling demands are lower

27. Rates of improvements of MOSFETs
•New technologies in Power MOSFET will affect sales in the coming years.
•Manufacturers are finding it more difficult to enhance performance of silicon-based MOSFETs
•Turning to wide band-gap (WBG) semiconductors to boost performance.
–gallium nitride (GaN)
–silicon carbide (SiC)
•Reduction in power consumption
•Higher frequencies
•Lower on-resistance
•Faster switching speeds

28. Experiment on MOSFET
•New improvements maximize efficiency by achieving:
–Low RDS(ON)(on-resistance)
–Low Qg(gate charge)
–Low RG(gate resistance)
–Lowest p.c. board losses

29. •Upgrade the MOSFET package
–accomplished by a simple redesign by reducing the package profile from 0.7mm to 0.6mm.
–improved thermal performance with better heat transfer from the MOSFET die to the PCB
S. Davies, 2013
Low PCB losses

30. Low RG(gate resistance)
A) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 300 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω
B) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 800 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω
http://powerelectronics.com/discrete-power-semis/next-gen-mosfets-efficiency-synchronous-buck-converters

31. www.semi.org/node/36781

32. WBG materials and Cost Reduction for EVs
•Lux Research: Wide bandgap(WBG) materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) to address emerging power electronics performance needs in electric vehicles (EVs), with SiCdisplacing silicon as early as 2020
•Highly efficient power electronics => smaller battery size, which in turn has a positive cascading impact on wiring, thermal management, packaging, and weight of electric vehicles
•20% power savings can lead to USD$6000 price reduction in larger size EVs
Sources:
•http://www.luxresearchinc.com/news-and- events/press-releases/read/silicon-carbide- power-electronics-can-slash-6000-cost-tesla
•https://portal.luxresearchinc.com/research/report_excerpt/17422#analysis

33. WBG materials and Smaller Feature sizes
Source: http://www.semicon.sankenele.co.jp/en/guide/GaNSiC.html/
•Smaller feature sizes when compared to traditional Si devices (Materials and breakdown voltage)

34. WBG materials and Rates of Improvements
•High rates of improvements in WBG Semiconductor developments:
–Efficiency increases
–Feature size reductions
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272514

35. http://m.eet.com/media/1051133/C0357-Figure4.gif

36. Improvements for IGBTs and MOSFETs
MOSFETS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Field Effect Transistors
IGBTs
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors)

37. Thin Film Coils
•Improvements in cost per area
•Fewer layers
•Less materials
•Lower temperature and simpler processes
–Organic materials, CIGS, and Perovskitecan be roll printed onto a substrate

38. Thin Film Coils for Power Transmission
•Prospects in using Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) for power transmission
•Challenges in overcoming low thermal conductivity => integration of (Ga2O3) with higher thermal conductivity substrates
•Roll printing as mass production method to lower costs of production of Ga2O3thin films for use in wireless charging?
http://www.nict.go.jp/en/press/2012/01/13-01-1.html

39. TO FOCUS ON BATTERIES OR CHARGING SYSTEM?

40. Expensive battery
•One of the big reasons why electric cars have been slow to catch on is that batteries are still hugely expensive —usually around one-third the price of the vehicle —and can provide only limited range.
•There is no Moore's Law for batteries
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/02/expensive-batteries-are- holding-back-electric-cars-what-would-it-take-for-that-to-change/

41. http://www.technologyreview.com/view/424996/why-your-battery-life-is-terrible-in-one- handy-chart/

42. Our propose design
•Based on driving patterns is there a need to increase battery capacity to increase driving range?
•Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them through improvements in “components”
•With a faster rate of improvement in MOSFETs and ICs, it is more worthwhile to concentrate on tackling the issue of wireless charging

43. Wireless charging and EV
•To have more facilities for wireless charging made easily available to EV users
www.therealpowerofwireless.blogspot.com

44. Contents
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV
•Electric Vehicles (EV)
•Feasibility of Charging stations
•Future for charging stations
•Conclusion

45. Future for charging stations
•EVs have already been brought to Singapore since 2011, but take up rate has been low
–A grand total of 3 publicly registered cars on the road in 2013 (http://transport.asiaone.com/news/general/story/only-3-electric- cars-road)
–Low mile range and lack of charging stations –Facts or consumer perceptions?
•High cost of EV in Singapore?
http://www.mitsubishicars.com.sg/cars/brochures/iMiEV.pdf

46. Future for charging stations
•Chicken-and-Egg problem
–Infrastructure availability for EV charging (lowering power supply costs)
vs
–Directly lowering EV costs (increasing EV demand)
•Building a strong infrastructure for EV charging can overcome the problem of low mile range
–With EVs able to easily locate charging facilities / perform charging on the move when required
–Requires complementary improvements in smart powering and metering systems for calculation and payment of charging fees

47. Future for charging stations
•Private companies already developing Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) solutions
–https://www.qualcomm.com/products/halo
–WEVC for buses in Korea -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ginb51DqBYA
•What type of efforts needed to make WEVC mainstream?
Source: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141028- the-bus-that-recharges-on-the-go

48. Energy Market Authority
•Statutory board under the Ministry of Trade and Industry
–Awards research grants, licenses for energy related industries
•Key Related Sponsored Research Initiatives (http://www.ema.gov.sg):
–SemakauLandfill Integrated Hybrid MicroGridTest-Bed -2014
–PulauUbinMicroGridTest-Bed –2013
–Electric Vehicle Test Bed (with LTA) -2011
–Smart Grid research grants –2013
–Electric Vehicle research grants –2010
•Should the government distribute its resources to favourresearch in EV demand, or to favourresearch in R&D for cheaper EV power supply?
–Low cost and availability of power supply to drive EV demand, or vice versa

49. Building the Future for EVs
•Investments into EV infrastructure
–Wireless charging stations and integration with renewables
–Wireless charging lanes on major expressways (PIE, CTE)
–Building smart metering and secure payment systems for wired and wireless EV charging
Building more publicly available EV charging stations / Licensing of public EV charging stations in commercial and industrial properties
Building dedicated wireless charging lanes on expressways => few other underground utilities, less competition for space and minimal interference issues

50. Building the Future for EVs
•Licensing of third party activities
–Microgridsfor localisedpower generation –peak shaving and commercial opportunities for sale of excess energy back into grid
–EV Battery charging, rental, replacement services
–Advertisement on charging stations
–Software and mobile applications to find the nearest charging station
Source : http://www.neuralenergy.info/2009/06/v2g.html
Replaceable battery chassis for electric vehicles

51. Contents
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV
•Electric Vehicles (EV)
•Feasibility of Charging stations
•Future for charging stations
•Conclusion

52. Rates of Improvements
•Rates of improvements facilitating growth in usage of MicroGrid, EV and Wireless Power transfer technologies:
–ICs
–MOSFETs
–Roll printing for thin film substrates
•Rates of improvements in above technologies exceeding rate of improvement in (car) battery technologies
•Therefore, the challenge in low mile range of EVs to be overcome more quickly by facilitating the growth of cheaper wireless charging facilities, powered through MicroGrids
–Building the case for WEVC

53. Beyond the EV -Extension of Wireless Transmission Applications
•Wireless powering of other applications:
–Military, medical, consumer devices
–Developments in ICs, MOSFETs, Roll to roll printing for other materials also applicable (e.g. mid-field wireless power transfer for medical equipment)
Military applications –wireless charging of unmanned equipment and electronics systems carried by soldiers
(http://witricity.com/applications/military/)
Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants(A. Poon, 2014) –used in LVADs in heart disease treatment

54. Q & A