1. A Network for the Improvement of Addis
Ababa City Solid Waste Management
System
December 2002
Addis Ababa

2. 2
Table of contents Page
Chapter – One:
Background
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Population Distribution by Kifle Ketema 5a
1.3 Solid Waste Generation from Each Kifle Ketema 6
1.4 Objectives 7
1.5 Methodology 7
1.6 Essential requirements to select collection points,
transfer stations and disposal sites. 8
Chapter – Two
Solid Waste Handling at Point of Source
2.1 Introduction 10
2.3 Reduction 0f SW at the point of generation 10
2.4 Solid waste Storage Facilities 13
2.5 A Guide to Addis Ababa Solid Waste Handling at Sources
and Collection Frequency 14
Chapter – Three
Collection Points for Solid Waste
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Type of Collection Points in Addis Ababa City 15
3.4 Collection Points and Transportation 16
3.5 Collection Points and community participation 16
3.6 Recommended Number of Communal Collection points
and the Door-to-Door(block) Collection Routes for Addis Ababa City 17
3.7 Description of Collection Point Facilities 18
3.8 Operation of Collection Point 18

3. 3
Chapter - Four
Transfer Stations for Solid Waste Page
4.1 General 19
4.2 Description of transfer station 19
4.3 Transfer stations area determination 20
Chapter -Five
Disposal Sites for Solid Waste
5.1 General 22
5.2 Description of disposal site 22
5.3 Determination of disposal site areas 24
Chapter - Six
Financial Proposals
6.1 Costs for Communal Collection Points construction 26
6.2 Cost for Transfer Stations and disposal site access
roads construction & maintenance 26
Chapter – 7
7.1 Action Plan for the Implementation Programme 29
7.2 Conclusions and Recommendations 33
References 34
Annex:
List of Communal Collection Points
List of door-to-door Collection Routes

4. 4
Chapter – One
Background
Introduction
Addis Ababa City has, since1892, been the center of most of the country's commercial
and industrial activities. Significant environmental aspects and impacts often
accompany most activities of the City. The impacts are usually harmful to the various
components of the city environment. The effects of these impacts are more aggravated
with the ever-increasing population growth of the Addis Ababa City.
Population explosion and the associated anthropogenic activities generate huge
amounts of different wastes that adversely affect the physical and organismal
environment of the City. Hence, the air and water segments of the environment are
highly contaminated by injurious wastes of various types.
Chemicals of different origins pollute the soil, reducing its productivity. The residents of
the Addis Ababa City being exposed to this damaged environment have to suffer
serious economic and health problems.
Solid wastes are the potential sources of environmental pollution in the city. Solid
wastes are Industrial, Municipal and an agricultural origin. All solid wastes are not
effectively and efficiently collected and transported to an appropriate disposal sites.
Open fields, riversides, ditches, street sides and many available spaces in the city are
dumping places for all forms of solid wastes. Hence the aesthetic quality of the city is
deteriorated. The health situation of the community is under serious threat. The air is
unfit for breathing.
The water bodies are contaminated to an extent they are completely unfit for an
industrial, agricultural and domestic use purposes. These detrimental pollution

5. 5
situations in effect retard the influx of investors in particular and the economic growth of
the City in general. The prevailing environmental pollution problem is partly due to the
absence of well-established solid waste management systems in the City
administration.
The team has therefore proposed a solid waste management system for the Addis
Ababa City that requires the determination of the city government for its immediate
implementation.
The system has incorporated ways and procedures for reduction of solid wastes at the
source, mechanisms of waste collection and transportation from source to the various
disposal sites and the effects of the implementation on the overall mitigation (reduction)
of the solid waste pollution problems in the city of Addis Ababa.
Population Distribution by Kifle Ketema
(Excel Doc)
Solid Waste Generation from Each Kifle Ketema
(Excel Doc)

6. 6
Solid waste generation characteristics
Some studies indicates that the composition of Urban solid waste with respect to its per
capita generation and source for developing and less developed countries are as given
below: Domestic 0.2 to 0.8kg/c/d, Commercial 0.1 to 0.2kg/c/d, Street sweepings 0.05
to 0.2kg/c/d and Institutional 0.05 to 0.2kg/c/d. According to the recent solid waste
analysis records (1994EC), the domestic solid waste per capita generation of the Addis
Ababa City to be 0.221kg/day.
Composition of Solid Waste
Identification of the constituents of solid waste is an essential tool for determining and
the preparation of separate waste storage facilities. The amount and types of waste
generated each year in the city is increasing and the amount of the individual
constituents of the bulk density is still very difficult to be certain. It is believed that
improvement in the style of human living such as better housing and living standard
cause considerable changes in the composition of solid wastes. This problem raise
mainly from the absence of a solid waste management system familiarly rooted with the
city community.
The 1994 solid waste composition study result by weight for the Addis Ababa City
is given below:
S.N Constituent % weight
1 Vegetable 4.2
2 Paper 2.5
3 Rubber & plastics 2.9
5 Wood 2.3
7 Bone 1.1
8 Textiles 2.4
9 Metals 0.9
10 Glass 0.5
11 Combustible: Leaves, 15.1
12 Non combustible: stone, 2.5
13 All fine 65.6
Total 100.0
Source: Louis Berger international consultant, 1994 study.
According to the 1994, solid waste generation analysis, the following facts about solid
wastes are established: Density 336kg/m3, Organic portion 60%, Combustible 17%,
Non-combustible 3%, Fines 65% and Recyclable15%.

7. 7
Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to develop standardized solid waste management
system for the city of Addis Ababa that:
Considers efficient and sustainable solid waste collection points, transfer stations
and disposal sites for ten years and above.
Considers the total population and wastes generated in ten years.
Aims at an effective and frequent collection, reuse, recycling, transportation and
disposal of solid wastes.
Considers the conscious and active participation of the community.
Targets the protection of the environment from solid waste related pollution and
degradation damages.
Guarantees sustainable economic growth and aesthetic improvement in the city.
Encourages participation of private entrepreneurs to introduce environmental
friendly technologies.
Methodology
Evaluate existing solid waste collecting, transporting and disposal procedures of
the City Administration.
Assess existing solid waste disposal sites with respect to the newly revised City
Master Plan.
Refer Solid Waste Management experience of other developing & developed
countries from Asia, Europe & Africa.
Evaluate type, volume and amount of solid wastes generated from each Kifle
Ketema daily & yearly for successive ten years.
Physically observe vacant spaces available in all Kifle Ketema for collection
points, transfer stations & disposal sites.

8. 8
Essential requirements to select solid waste collection points/routes, transfer
stations and disposal sites
The selection of any land for waste collection points/routes, transfer station and
disposal sites have to meet certain acceptable standards or requirements.
Criteria for solid waste collection points/routes.
Solid waste collection points/routes must comply:
− Access road network to waste generating points.
− Capacity of points/routes to hold up all wastes generated in its vicinity according
to the type of wastes.
− No effect on the health of residents and other developmental activities.
− An advantage to speed up frequency of waste collection.
− Facilitating transportation of wastes from the transfer station and point sources.
− Free from any objectionable odor and appearance.
− A minimum area of 8m2
for communal collection points.
Criteria for selection of solid waste transfer stations:
Any transfer station has to have:
− Access of road network to collection points and disposal sites.
− Capacity to accommodate all wastes generated in the sub-cities.
− Minimum impacts on the city environment (life, water, air and soil).
− An efficiency to facilitate transportation of wastes from waste collection points
and to disposal sites.
− Appropriate area for accumulation, transportation, separation and disposal of
wastes.
− Long duration to accommodate wastes in the vicinity &no interference with and
local development activities.

9. 9
Waste disposal site selection criteria.
Solid waste disposal sites selected for the Addis Ababa City population should comply
with the minimum requirements of the international standard. Hence a few of the
selection criteria include that:
− They are within the boundary of the City administration.
− They should serve the city population for a period of ten years.
− They must have access road to the transfer stations.
− They must be ½ km far from residential and developmental areas.
− They must facilitate the transportation of wastes from transfer station to disposal
sites.
− They should not pollute water, soil life and air.
− They must be cost effective initially & operationally no public opposition.
− It should be in compliance with the new city master plan.
− There should exist enough land for expansion, if necessary.
− It should be 13 km far from airport.

10. 10
Chapter -Two
Solid waste handling at point of source
Introduction
Efficient and effective waste management at a point source will be the beginning of an
appropriate application of perfect SWM systems in Addis Ababa City. This approach
facilitates the technique towards fast waste collection, separation, transportation and the
preparation of the different types of wastes for re-use, recycling and safe disposals. This
trend of waste handling is essentially practical and proved to be efficient by most
developing and developed countries.
Reduction of solid waste
General
Many valuable materials of various applications will be recovers from all wastes of
different origins in the City of Addis Ababa. Solid wastes can be re-used to prepare
different materials of daily use. Solid wastes such as municipal garbage can be utilized
to generate power and to manufacture natural manure. Plastics and metals from
different sources can be reused or recycled to produce useful object. Solid wastes can
attract private investors to participate and establishing an efficient solid waste
management at sources helps to:
Generate job opportunity for poor people mainly women.
Reduces cost of waste transportation.
Attracts individuals to participate in waste collection.
Reduce number of collection points, transfer stations. Etc
Increase the service life (time) of disposal sites
Protect the environment from pollution and related hazards
Improve the aesthetic condition of the city administration
The chronic solid waste pollution problem in the city of Addis Ababa is, therefore,
mitigated or solved by an efficient application of waste reduction mechanisms like
composting, recycling and reusing.

11. 11
Composting
Composting will be designed as a process of converting biodegradable organic
matter in to a use full substance called manure. It will be a man made process that
needs no sophisticated technology and capital investment at household level and for
small scale processing. It will be done at various levels by the different segments of
the community.
Composting of municipal garbage will be conducted at the house hold levels, by the
group of interested individuals, government, and non-governmental organizations.
The primary factors for large scale processing are accessibility of land and market
for the products. The most important benefit of composting organic waste in the
context of Addis Ababa:
− Conversion of organic matter in to useful natural fertilizers.
− Improve the aesthetic degradation in Addis Ababa city
− Reduce cost incurred for health related medication expense
− Open job opportunity for the city youth unemployment
− Substitutes chemical fertilizer that can improve land productivity
− Prevent organic waste related water and air pollution problems
− Minimize the need of land for solid waste collection point, transfer station and
disposal sites
− Reduce the volume of waste to a more manageable level, there by reducing the
transportation costs to the ultimate disposal site
It is there fore essential to implement composting of organic wastes as an
important economic source at household level for growing garden, flower &
vegetables on pilot bases by involving the Waste Management Agency, NGOs &
the community, and encouraging the private sector to do composting at large
scale.

12. 12
Recycling and reusing
Recycling and reuse of the waste helps to reduce the problem of waste generation and
disposal. Resources recovery is a method to turn wastes in to resources by recovering
usable products –both material and energy.
One tone of such a waste is approximately equal to 9 million BTU of heat or 65 gallons
of fuel oil or 900 cubic feet of natural gas. Hence solid waste can be used as potential
source of energy for industrial and other institutions.
The volume of municipal garbage in the Addis Ababa City will be reduced at various
levels by:
− Making of different objects of daily use such as paving stones, tiles, chair legs
and tables top, wire scrap and wood chips.
− Incineration of unrecyclable wastes to generate heat and electricity.
− Utilization of objects discarded as useless wastes again with out further
modifications such as bottles, plastic cups, bags, etc
It is therefore important to implement an application of any one of the above
options that will hopefully reduce the solid waste handling and pollution
challenges prevailing in Addis Ababa by organizing and formalizing the informal
recyclers in the city and encouraging the private sector to do incineration at large
scale.

13. 13
Storage facilities and frequency of collection
Appropriate solid waste storage can facilitate solid waste collection and transport and
increase the velocity of flow of solid waste. Separate storage of wastes also improves
the frequency of collection and efficiency of transporting wastes to their appropriate
termination points by using standard storage skips/bins.
The recommended type of containers for storage are:
Strong paper bags of 50 – 80L OR Strong plastic bags of 50 – 80L for
households & offices, and
Bulcky containers (1.1 & 8 m3) for industries, institutions communal
services.
For most developing countries, the frequency of kitchen and decomposable wastes
collection is three to four times a week and for plastics, papers, rubber and textiles twice
a month and for metals and glasses need collection once or twice a month. Bulky
wastes generated by other sources other than households are collected and transported
either to the transfer station or the disposal sites by themselves.
The recommended frequency of collection are:
Decomposable matter should be removed four times a week and
The non- decomposable and recyclable (reusable) materials twice a month.

14. 14
A Guide to Addis Ababa City Solid Waste Handling at Source and Collection Frequency
Type Decomposable garbage Non – decomposable
materials
Recyclable/reusable materials How to handle & dispose off refuse
Frequency of
collection
Four times a week Twice a month Twice a month
Collection day Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri. Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri. Mon. Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri.
Recommended
containers
Strong paper/plastic bags of 50 – 80
litter capacity
Strong paper/ plastic
bags of 50 – 80 litter
capacity
Tie together or use strong bags.
Examples Kitchen garbage:
Food scraps (yMGB TRF‰ð#(yMGB TRF‰ð#(yMGB TRF‰ð#(yMGB TRF‰ð#
y>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊy>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊy>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊy>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊ
LÈuLÈuLÈuLÈu wzt)wzt)wzt)wzt)
House refuse:
Grass, level, chat, floor sweepings.
(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ
wzt)wzt)wzt)wzt)
Pieces of wood & others:
Sticks, garden trimness, tree cuts
(yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT(yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT(yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT(yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT
ï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅFï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅFï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅFï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅF wzt)wzt)wzt)wzt)
Plastics/ rubber:
Plastic containers,
buckets, bottles, etc.
Ceramics/ stones:
Bowls cosmetic
containers, dishes,
pots, etc.
Ashes, bags & others:
Light bulbs, ashes, toys,
shoes, sandals,
handbag, batteries,
etc.
Paper:
Books, Magazines, Newspaper,
cardboard boxes, etc.
Metals:
Cans, spoon, fork, dishes, etc.
Glass:
Window glasses, bottles, etc.
Furniture, electrical appliances:
• Oven, heaters, electronics,
chair, table, blankets, etc.
Be sure to store each type of waste
separately as decomposable, non-
decomposable, and recyclable/
reusable.
Be sure to place each type of solid
waste in the designated storage
skips.
Be sure that to bring each type of solid
waste to the designated collection
point on collection day.
Squeeze out as much water as possible
from food scraps.
Cut wooden sticks to small pieces, 40-
50cm.
Use string to tie together flattened and
folded cardboard, magazines,
newspaper and cloth into bundles.

15. 15
Chapter – Three
Collection points for Solid Waste
3.1 Introduction
A Collection point is one of the basic elements of solid waste management system.
It is a point where waste generators and collectors meet each other and is a key entry
point for the whole solid waste management system network.
Since waste collection points are not properly located and designed in Addis
Ababa City, wastes are found scattered in all available open (spaces) places. As a
result, the city population has poor confidence that the waste collection service is
functioning properly. The consequence is that, the will of the population to cooperate in
waste collection activities and to pay some fee for the services they are delivered is
extremely low or none.
The effects from poor collection points are seldom recognized, because it is
difficult to estimate the various impacts such as, increase in diseases, absence from
work due to sickness, increased cost for medical care, blockage of traffic routes
resulting from poor and inefficient solid waste collection procedures. Other non-
economical but important effects solid waste pollution are objectionable odor, aesthetic
degradation, vermin and the contamination risks of soil and surface and ground water
bodies.
3.2 Types of collection points in Addis Ababa City
The type of any collection point depends upon the type and volume of the solid
waste desired to be collected. The most commonly used types of collection systems in
Addis Ababa City are door-to-door / block and container collection systems. The
container system is represented by communal type of collection point where 8 and 1.1
m3
skips are placed at open places. The door-to-door /block collection system is also
represented by a collection route with starting and end points. Currently, the estimated

16. 16
coverage of door-to-door /block collection service is not more than 35%, container
system is 60% and street sweeping 5%. Of the total daily-generated waste in the city
only about 65% is collected by the existing solid waste collection systems.
Solid waste Collection points and Transportation
Preparation of solid waste Collection points and the relevant transport facilities are
the most expensive parts of the solid waste management system. Therefore, more
attention is usually given to the appropriate selection of collection points and related
transportation facilities (aspects).
Collection is indeed one of the most difficult parts to organize because it involves
the participation of waste producers in collecting wastes at the point of generation and
its transportation to the secondary storage (collection points) that makes waste
transportation ready for the transfer station or secondary storage.
Secondary collection as such is not really difficult; trucks have to collect wastes
directly from household or containers, skips or bins at point of collection and transport it
to the treatment/disposal sites. What is challenging for transport is that trucks or waste
collectors need a well-developed road network and designed routing to access each
collection points. Therefore, there will be micro routing at sub-cities level.
Collection points and community participation.
The active participation of the community is so essential to limit the increase in
costs, to ease the collection, to increase the options for recycling /reuse and reduction
and to improve public health conditions and to enhance the environmental protection.
Such cooperation of the community will be backed up by stringent awareness promotion
campaigns organized by the central and local governments. If not, the will of the
community to pay service fee and to cooperate will remain unsatisfactory.
The community and private enterprises and industries will know how wastes will be
collected and stored and/or delivered. Each change in the collection system, disposal or
cost for waste collection will be declared to the community or other segments of the

17. 17
community as immediate as possible by mass media or other appropriate mechanisms.
In this manner every body will be aware of the collection services for each collection
points.
Cooperation from the population becomes more and more important when the
physical layout of the city and the road conditions determine the collection system. In
the case of the Addis Ababa City, most of the inner city parts are not accessible for
trucks or waste collectors and therefore, collection points shall be located adjacent to
the accessible roads. Hence, wastes will be first carried out manually from households
or generation points to the collection points.
Irrespective of who carries this wastes to the collection points (community or the
waste collectors), such situation some how require the conscious and active
cooperation of the city population. If the population would throw away the wastes any
where, all waste collection activities and the setting of a standard waste collection points
will remain ineffective and useless, sky rocketing the solid waste pollution hazards in the
city.
Recommended Number of communal collection points and door-to-door/block
collection routes for Addis Ababa City
The economic aspects and easy way of operation of each system is important to
consider prior to designing, any system that achieves 100 percent collection service
coverage in the city. The communal collection is an acceptable system from the
economical and easy way of operation point of view.
The number of communal collection points will, therefore, be increased from
164 – 293 (by 44.0%) (Refer annex-1) and the number of door-to-door/ block
collection routes will also increase from 86 – 164 (by 47.6%) (Refer annex-2). The
communal collection points will be standardized with respect to the social,
environmental, health and beautification requirements.

18. 18
Description of Communal Collection Point Facilities
General
The collection point will have fence, shade and platform. The fence with shade will
have the height to height of skips and designed as ease as possible for emptying
the skips. The platform is made of masonry work.
Location
Collection points are accessible to roads and users.
Labeling
The skips will be labeled for decomposable, non-decomposable and
recyclable/reusable materials with descriptions of waste types.
Fencing and shading
There will be a fence made of grills to secure property and create inaccessibility to
animals. The shade retains and protects waste from rain.
Platform
There will be a platform for emptying the skips and protecting wheel of each skip
from damage.
Skips
There will be one 8m3
or less size of container for decomposable, one 1.1 m3
size
container for non-decomposable and one 1.1 m3
size container for
recyclable/reusable materials.
Operation of Communal Collection Point
Each collection point will be owned by the community organizations like Ider and
organized group of residents. Each Ider or organized group of residents may assign
controllers and the Kebele Administration will monitor and evaluate the whole
operation. The maintenance and emptying of the skips will be carried out by the
services providing agency or institutions.

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Chapter – Four
Transfer Stations for Solid Waste
4.1 General
The transfer station site facilities include vehicle weighing and control, offices for
supervisory staff, canteen, toilet, shower and lockers, equipment shade and
workshop for transfer station equipment, storage and cleaning of salvaged materials,
security guard house and fence, access roads, parking area and unloading point with
containers for trailer trucks.
4.2 Description of transfer stations
Fencing and Guard House
There will be a main gate with signposts, a guardhouse and guard posts. The front
fence will be made of a combination of stone/brick and wire mesh, and the side fence
of concrete post and wire mesh. The guard posts are placed at strategic locations of
the site.
Weigh Bridge and operator office
Space is provided for weighbridges, with an office for operators in between.
Depending on the kind of equipment, scale-reading instruments can be placed inside
the operator’s office.
Office
The office block consists of the office of disposal sites supervisor, the waste disposal
controller (sanitation), first aid clinic and facilities for the canteen service. It is located
at the catchment radius overlooking the weighbridge, the incoming and outgoing
traffics.

20. 20
Toilet and Locker
The Turkish type toilet will be constructed. The Turkish type toilets provide room for
hand-wash basins and lockers.
Shade and unloading space
There will be an adequate shade for the point of unloading to the big container of size
holding 48 m3. The containers will be transported to the designated treatment or
recycling facilities.
Salavagale Material Storage Area
A fenced cleaning and storage space is provided for salvageable materials. A paved
platform is foreseen for storage and cleaning of the salvaged materials.
Water Tank and line
A water tank and line is provided to meet the needs both for transfer station and site
facilities.
Site works
Asphalted access road to and from the transfer stations, parking and circulation area
within the site facilities is provided. A large area is also left open for greenery.
Electricity
High voltage with transformer is necessary for workshop working and servicing for 24
hours.
4.3 Transfer Station Area Determination
4.3.1 Bole Arabsa Disposal Site Catchment
In this catchment area estimated SW generation per day is about 546 m3
. Taking
volume containers located in the transfer station is 48m3
; the required number
containers will be 11. Hence, two transfer stations that accommodate 6 containers, clerk
room, toilet and shower, guardhouse and enough maneuvering area for service trucks
are needed.

21. 21
Based on the above information about 1250-m2
area of land for each transfer station is
required.
4.3.2 Dertu Mojo Disposal Site Catchment
In this catchment area estimated SW generation per day is about 263 m3. Taking
volume of containers located in the transfer station is 48m3
, The required number of
containers will be 6. Hence, one transfer station that accommodates 6 containers, clerk
room, toilet and shower, guard house and enough maneuvering area for service tracks
is needed.
Based on the above information about 1250-m2
area of land for each transfer station is
required.
4.3.3 Fili Doro Disposal Site Catchment
In this catchment area estimated SW generation per day is about 1569 m3
. Taking
volume of containers located in the transfer station is 48m3
, the required number of
containers will be 36. Hence, three transfer stations that accommodate 12 containers,
clerk room, toilet and shower, guardhouse and enough maneuvering area for service
tracks are needed.
Based on the above information about 2500-m2 area of land for each transfer station is
required.

22. 22
Chapter – Five
Disposal Sites for Solid Waste
General
The disposal site facilities include vehicle weighing and control, offices, canteen, toilet,
shower and lockers, equipment shade and workshop for landfill equipment, cleaning
bay for waste collection vehicles, storage and cleaning of salvaged materials, security
guard house and fence, access roads and parking area. The workers are designed in
line with the program for sanitary landfill site facilities and the approved design
parameters.
Description of disposal sites
Fencing and Guard House
There will be a main gate with signposts, a guardhouse and guard posts. The front
fence will be made of a combination of stone/brick and wire mesh, and the side fence
of concrete post and wire mesh. The guard posts are placed at strategic locations of
the site.
Weigh Bridge and operator office
Space is provided for weighbridges, with an office for operators. Depending on the
kind of equipment, scale-reading instruments can be placed inside the operator’s
office.
Office
The office block consists of the office, the waste disposal controller (sanitarian), the
first aid clinic and facilities for the canteen service. It is located at the catchment
radius overlooking the weighbridge, the incoming and outgoing traffics.
Toilet and Locker
The Turkish type toilet will be constructed. The Turkish type toilets provide room for
hand-wash basins and lockers.

23. 23
Workshop and waste vehicles cleaning yard.
The workshop and shade are adequate for servicing and parking landfill site
equipment. An office for the senior mechanic and operator and storerooms are
provided. The workshop will provide maintenance, washing and greasing services
for the landfill equipment. Next to the workshop is an open air flushing and cleaning
waste collection vehicles.
Salvageable Material Storage Area
A storage space is provided for salvageable materials. A paved platform is foreseen
for storage and cleaning of the salvaged materials. The storage space will be
covered.
Water Tank and line
A water tank and line is provided to meet the needs both for disposal sites and site
facilities.
Site works
Asphalted access road to and from the disposal sites, parking and circulation & waste
placing area within the site facilities is provided. An area is also left open for
greenery.
Electricity
High voltage with transformer is necessary for workshop & 24 hours security reasons.
Leachate pond & diversion ditch
There will be a leachate collection pond for each disposal for treating the leachate at
central leachate treatment facility that will be constructed at one of the landfill sites.
The surface run-off will be controlled by diversion ditch to decrease volume of
leachate from landfill.

24. 24
Determination of disposal site areas
Description of disposal site areas
The four solid waste disposal sites proposed by the Addis Ababa Master Plan Revision
Office (ORAAMP) have been analyzed in this study.
Due to some environmental factors, the team has decided only three namely, BOLE
ARABSA, FILIDERO and DERTU MOJO, which have fulfilled the minimum selection
criteria set in this document.
BOLE ARABSA disposal site catchment area includes the previously proposed YEKA
ABADO disposal site catchment area.
Assumptions
Minimum service time of each solid waste disposal sites will be ten years.
Minimum solid waste fill depth at disposal sites when compacted is ten meters.
Based on the above information and assumptions, the estimated solid waste volume
generated in ten years (2003—2012) and the required area is summarized below.

25. 25
Summary of ten year’s solid waste generation and required disposal
site areas.
Estimated amount
of SW generation
Required area
(ha)
Name
of
catchme
nt area
m3
ton
Assum
ed fill
depth
(m)
Non
compacted
Compa
cted
Area for
buffer
zone and
facilities
(ha)
Total
area
requir
ed
(ha)
Avail
able
area
(ha)
Bole
Arabsa
1993409 664472 10 20 10 5 15 15
Dertu
Mojo
958843 319616 10 10 5 5 10 10
Fili Doro 5728318 1909440 10 57 29 11 40 20
Note: Based on the Luis Berger International Consultant Study, the source
volume of solid waste at least is reduced by half at point of unloading or
dumpsite.

26. 26
Chapter – Six
Financial Proposals
Costs for communal collection points construction
6.1.2 Bill of quantity for a single collection point
No Activities Unit Qty Unit Price Total Remark
1 Masonry including all cost and
pointing work
m3
18 370 6660
2 RHS( brick work ) Fence
including all costs (size 60x60 cm)
ml 50m 50m 2500
Sub grand total 9160
6.1.3 Cost summary:
Number of communal collection points =293
Sub-grand total Birr =9160 ETB x 293
=2,683,880 ETB
5% contingency Birr = 134,194 ETB
Grand total Birr =2,818,074 ETB
6.2 Cost for transfer stations & disposal sites access roads
construction and maintenance
Section –I Guideline
Subject:- Access Road
Object:- Visibility study
Source of Ref:-
From Master plan Maps (stream layouts, Road net work, proposed length, width, land
use patterns, Topography, vegetative cover of the area, border’s etc);

27. 27
From Addis Ababa City Road Authorities (Economic cross sections, standards of the
structures, norms, unit price);
• Observation
• Oral interviews on site & office
• Team discussions.
• Gathered information:- General Maps of Road net work, criteria’s, unit prices,
economic cross sections of (Road, culverts & bridges).
• Challenges to be Expected:-
Grazing, plantations, Conservation of soil & water on sub-basin
(catchment area) to prevent a Silt problem.
Grading & Leveling of Topography.,
Maintenance of the existing transfer stations Road.
Section II - List of Sites, Location and Expected Works
No Name of
site
Location Length Width No.
culverts
No. of
bridges
Area of
Road(m2
)
Remark
1 Bole Arabsa South-
East
8000 10.50 7+1B.C 1 84000 Both side
drainage
2 Dertu Mojo West-
south
4900 10.50 29 1 51450 “
3 Fili doro North-
west
1872 10.50 None 1 19656 “
4 Yelea abado North-east -- -- -- -- --
Total 14,772 36+1B.C 3 155106 B.C (Box
culvert)
Section III - Budget
Construction cost for Asphalt & Drainage Structure
Road including drainage (unit price = 350 Birr/m2
No. Sites Area Unit Price
Birr/ m2
Total Remark
1 Bole Arabsa 84,000 350 29,400,000
2 Dertu mojo 51,450 350 18,007,500
3 Filidoro 19,656 350 6,879,600
Total 54,287,100

28. 28
Bridge Cost (Average unit price = 140,000 Birr/span)
No. Sites No. of
bridge
Bridge
Span (M)
Unit price
(Birr/span)
Total Remark
1 Bole arabsa 1 15 140000 2100000 H=6m
2 Dertu Mojo 1 12 140000 1680000 H=4m
3 Filidro 1 20 140000 2800000 H=9m
Total 6580000 H= Height
Box Culvert Cost (unit price = 25% of bridge cost)
No Site No. Unit price Total Remark
1 Bole Arabsa 1 35,000 35,000 H=2m
Total 35,000
4) Road crossing pipes ( unit price= 5% of box culvert )
No Sites No. Unit price
( Birr/No.)
Total Remark
1 Bole Arabsa 7 5250 36750
2 Dertu Mojo 29 5250 152250
3 Filidoro None - -
80 cm is suitable for
average diameter pipe as
a typical cross-section
Total 189000
Total Cost = 61,196,100 Birr
Consultant Cost:- ( Unit Price 5% Of Construction Cost )
=61,196,100 x 0.05
= 3,059,805 Birr
This Cost Includes:- TOR, Tendering, Design, Document Preparation, Supervision
& Consulting Process.
Access Road Maintenance For Transfer Station:- (A+B)
Unit price = 10% total cost of dumping site access road (Project Cost)
= 64,255,905 x 0.1
= 6,425,591 Birr
Yearly Maintenance Cost (Unit Price= 1% Of A+B+C)
=70,681,496 x 0.01
=706,815 Birr
Sub Grand Total cost = (A+B+C+D)
= 71,388,311 Birr
10% contingency = 7,138,831 Birr
Grand total = 78,527,142 Birr

29. Chapter – 7 29
Action Plan for the Implementation programme
MeasuresStrategic
Actions
Measurable
Targets
Principal
Approach
Regulatory/
Enforcement
Institutional Financial
Implication
Principal
Actors
Indicators Time
Frame
Improve
storage system
and frequency
of collection
Separate storage at
source, as
decomposable,
non-
decomposable &
recyclable.
4x a week for
decomposable,
twice a month for
non-
decomposable &
recyclable.
- Advocate
the use of
separate
storage.
- Provide
separate
collection
service.
- Improve
truck fleet
Storage
guideline.
Empowerme
nt of Sub-
cities &
Kebele
Establish
Municipal
Company
with
proper
budget
150,000 ETB
(for advocacy)
Source:
French Cop.
9.0mill. ETB
(for container
truck)
18.4 mill. ETB
(for side
loader)
Source:
- WB or Loan
Grants
C& B
Agency,
Sub-cities
& Kebele
AACG
Improved
capacity &
frequency
of
collection
service
coverage
to 90%
Jan-
Mar
1995
(2003)
Promote solid
Waste
Reduction at
Point of Source
and recycling
- Composting of
decomposable
waste to reduce
organic portion by
10% yearly.
- Organizing and
formalizing of
informal recyclers.
Household
demonstrati
on in
subcities
(100-150
HHs)
Formulate
recyclers
association.
Community
mobilization
campaign.
Minimum
requirement
for
composting
& recycling
Guideline for
access to
credit facility
C & B
Agency,
NGOs &
CBOs
Private
sector
Informal
recyclers
250,000 ETB
(for
demonstration)
Source:
French
Cooperation
(90%)
NGO, CBOs
(10%)
Private
investment &
credit system
C & B
Agency,
Sub-
cities,
Kebele &
NGOs
Private
company
(AACC)
MSE
Reduced
waste to
be
transport
ed
Resource
recovery
Improve
landfill
Mgt.
Apr-
Jun
1995
(2003)

30. 30
MeasuresStrategic
Actions
Measurable
Targets
Principal
Approach Regulatory/
Enforcement
Institutional Financial
Implication
Principal
Actors
Indicators Time
Frame
Establish a
Guide to Addis
Ababa City
Solid Waste
Handling at
Source and
Collection
Frequency
A guide for waste
handling at source.
Mon, Tue, Thu & Fri
for decomposable
waste
Wed for non-
decomposable &
recyclable
materials every 15
day separately.
- Aware the
generators
on waste
handling
guide at
source.
- Distribute a
guide at
grass root
level.
Regulation for
separate
collection on
specific day
Empowerme
nt of Sub-
cities &
Kebele.
200,000 ETB
Source:
French
Cooperation
C & B
Agency,
Sub-cities
& Kebele
Accepted
standard of
waste
handling at
source &
collection
points
Jan-
Feb
1995
(2003)
Design
standard
collection point
293 collection points
164 collection
routes.
Provide skips
for separate
communal
storage &
reroute door-
to-door/block
collection
routes.
Regulation for
secondary
storage &
users
responsibility
C & B
Agency
provides
collection
points
facilities
C & B
Agency,
Sub-cities
& Kebele
Standard
collection
points
Dec
1995
(2002)
Construct
Collection
Points
293 collection points Involve the
community to
install
collection
points
EIA Award
contractors
C & B
Agency,
Sub-cities
& Kebele
Easy for
secondary
collection
Jan-
Apr
1995
(2003)
Set operation of
Collection Point
& truck routing
293 for secondary
storage & 164
routes.
Make
responsible
the residents
through Iders
Council
Users guide
line
Empower the
community
for its
operation
2.82 mill. ETB
Source:
AACG (25%)
NGO, CBOs
(65%)
French
Cooperation
(10%)
Communi
ty &
Kebele
Reduced
refuse
dispersion
around the
skips
Mar
1995
(2003)

31. 31
MeasuresStrategic
Actions
Measurable
Targets
Principal
Approach Regulatory/
Enforcement
Institutional Financial
Implication
Principal
Actors
Indicators Time
Frame
Design
Transfer
Stations
6 transfer stations Provide trailers
& large size
(21-24m3)
containers with
separate
storage
Guideline for
transfer station
C & B
Agency
provides
transfer
stations
facilities.
1% of
construction
cost
Source:
AACM
(25%)
NGOs
(50%)
JICA (25%)
C & B
Agency
Standard
transfer
stations
Jan-Jun
1995
(2003)
Construct
Transfer
Stations &
access roads
6 transfer stations
at Southeast,
Southwest &
Northwest of the
city
Tenderizing for
construction
EIA Award
contractor
C & B
Agency &
contractor
Facilitated
transport
and
recycling
Jul-Jun
1995/9
6
(2003/0
4)
Set operation of
transfer stations
6 transfer station
to facilitate
transport of waste
Contract out
the service or
owned by the
Agency
Waste
Operators
guideline
Hire
contractors
for transport
6.43 mill.
ETB
Source:
AACG
(25%)
NGOs
(35%)
JICA (20%)
GTZ (20%)
C & B
Agency &
contractor
Improved
collection
frequency
Jul
1996
(2004)

32. 32
MeasuresStrategic
Actions
Measurable
Targets
Principal
Approach Regulatory/
Enforcement
Institutional Financial
Implication
Principal
Actors
Indicators Time
Frame
EIA for Disposal
Sites
EIA document for
3 disposal sites
Consultant for
EIA
EIA before
sanitary landfill
development
C & B
Agency &
contractor
C & B
Agency &
consultant
Defined
disposal
site EI.
Jan-
Dec
1995/9
6
(2003)
Design for
Disposal Sites
3 disposal sites
design
Consultant for
design
EIA C & B
Agency &
contractor
3% of the
construction
cost
Source:
AACG
(25%)
NGOs
(35%)
JICA (20%)
GTZ (20%)
C & B
Agency &
consultant
Sanitary
landfill
design
Jan-Jun
1996
(2004)
Construction of
Disposal Sites
3 proposed sites
development
Tenderizing for
construction
EIA C & B
Agency &
contractor
C & B
Agency &
consultant
SLF with
least EI.
1996-
99
(2004-
07)
Operation of
Disposal Sites
SE,SW, & NW
disposal sites
Operate 3 sites
in different
directions of
the city
Operation
guide line
C & B
Agency
establishes
SLF
operations
52mill. ETB
Source:
AACM
(10%)
WB (90%)
JICA (20%)
GTZ (20%)
C & B
Agency
No env’t
pollution
Jan
2000
(2008)

33. 33
7.1 Conclusions and Recommendations
The solid waste management system for the city of Addis Ababa is on going
establishment. The city government is determined to do all it can for its implementation.
However all disposal sites many not fulfil the required standards as this system
develops with the city’s economic development. Nevertheless, the initial system is put in
place. Amendments and improvements are attained when the system is under way. A
number of upgrading activities can be done at the different waste collection points to
minimize the volume of waste that must be transported to the ultimate disposal sites.
The system simplifies the cost and time of private investors engaged in waste recycling,
composting, and reusing. The different wastes collected and separated at different sites
can be used for filling damaged quarries. The filling of such queries with waste from
demolished buildings, metallic and glass types would recover the deteriorated land and
also reduces the volume and cost expresses for transportation to disposal sites.
The incurred cost for road construction or upgrading is so high that the city could not
afford but such tasks need not be done at a time but step by steps still using the road
and disposal site serving their normal functions.
Finally the team wants to suggest that preparation and application of such solid waste
management system for congested and financially poor cities is so challenging. It may
lead to exhausting of hopes but determination of both the government and the
community must be strong to come up with efficient and usefull ends and needs a
phased action approach for its implementation.

34. 34
7.2 References
CSA, The 1994 population & Housing census of Ethiopia results for Addis Ababa,
1996.
Gordon, S, Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management 3rd
Study, Louis Berger
International, 1994.
Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Annual Reports, 1999 – 2001.
Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Health Sector Development Program, the Second Five
Year Plan (2000 -2004), Addis Ababa, October 2001.
H. Glas, etal, Solid Waste Disposal, Netherlands, 1994.
RCLA, UNEP & MDC, Sustainable Business- Economic Development and
Environmentally Sound Technologies, 1998.
MoSE, EEAA, The National Strategy for Integrated MSWM – A Frame work for Action,
June, 2000.