3. SSM is associated with the following characteristics:
1.Minimal rates of soil erosion by water and wind;
2.The soil structure is not degraded (e.g. soil compaction) and provides a stable physical
context for movement of air, water, and heat, as well as root growth;
3.Sufficient surface cover (e.g. from growing plants, plant residues, etc.) is present to protect
the soil;
4.The soil organic matter is stable or increasing and ideally close to the optimal level for the
local environment;
5.Availability and flows of nutrients are appropriate to maintain or improve soil fertility and
productivity, and to reduce their losses to the environment;
6.Soil salinization, sodification and alkalinization are minimal;
7.Water (e.g. from precipitation and supplementary water resources such as irrigation) is
efficiently infiltrated and stored to meet the requirements of plants and ensure the drainage
of any excess;
8.Contaminants are below toxic levels, i.e. those which would cause harm to plants, animals,
humans and the environment;
9.Soil biodiversity provides a full range of biological functions;
4. General Information of Iran
The Land and the People
• Total area ~1648000 Km2
• Situated in arid and semi arid regions
• Average annual precipitation of ~250 mm
• Total population ~80million (as of 2015) of
which 32% live in rural areas
5.
6. 1.Minimal rates of soil erosion by water and wind;
Watershed area in the territory of water erosion: 125 m ha
Water erosion average: 16.7 ton/ha/year
economical losses from soil erosion: >10 billion dollars/year
0.84
2.73
4.91
6.1
16.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Europe Australia North
America
Asia Iran
Comparing soil erosion Iran and world
Tons per hectare
Europe
Australia
North America
Asia
Iran
10. Origin with high intensity
Origin with moderate intensity
Origin with Low intensity
Transition with high intensity
Transition moderate intensity
Transition low intensity
Sedimentation high intensity
Sedimentation moderate
intensity
sedimentation low intensity
Regions affected by wind erosion
12. Spatial Distribution of Soil Conservation and watershed management
Studies 35 m/ ha
Implementations 27 m/ha
Mitigation And Implementation
13. Biological measures
like seedling and
plantation of crops
Bio mechanical measures on
hillside
Mortar stone structures and
sapling planting
Small chek dam
14. Flood control & sediment
trap by stony check dam
Structures for flood control in forest
watersheds (limber Collection dams) in
Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces
16. Application of the results obtained from the successful implementation of international
projects In Iran (Sustainable Management of Land and Water Resources (Hableh Roud),
The Middle East and North Africa Regional Program for Integrated Sustainable
Development (MENARID)
Developing the IWM Model in the 33 Pilots basins in Iran based on the Lessons learned
and achievements of successful projects in Iran and also the comparative study with
same projects in the other countries
Obtaining License for the Establishment of the International Center for Integrated
Watershed Management in Arid and Semi-arid Areas in Iran at the Thirteenth UNESCO
Summit
Programming THE NATIONAL MEGA PROJECT ON THE INTEGRATED WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
Develop the IWM model with social participation and
organizational cohesion
17. Setting up local development offices to
Public Participation in watershed
management
Kamkoueiyeh Village-Yazd Province
Setting up job
creation project with
aim of
Protection of
biological resources
Rural packaging industry
Medicinal Plants
18. Flood spreading stations
No : 37
Data Duration : 8 years
Flood event : 53
Infiltration vol. : 216 MCM
Infiltration per Hectares : 1000 m3
Monitoring & Evaluation stations
No: 14 Station
Characters: Measuring soil and water
parameters
Watershed management and flood spreading monitoring
Climate monitoring equipment
Monitoring And Evaluation
19. Suggestions
The issues for collaboration with GSP
Planning and participation
for Monitoring And Evaluation of soil Erosion & Soil conservation (methods & equipments)
for Upscaling Best Practices
Economic costs of soil erosion (direct and indirect impacts)
20. 2. The soil structure is not degraded
(e.g. soil compaction) and provides a
stable physical context for movement
of air, water, and heat, as well as root
growth
21. Soil Physical Degradation in Iran
Soil physical degradations include:
1. Soil Compaction & Plowpan in Agricultural Soils
2. Soil Compaction in Rangelands and Pastures
3. Crust & Soil Surface Sealing (surface crust)
22. Soil Physical Degradation in Iran
1. Soil Compaction & Plowpans (Agricultural Soils)
Traffic-induced compaction & Plow induced hardpans
• About 8 million ha of arable lands in Iran are under intensive machinery
operations (irrigated lands).
• Since 1921 which the first tractor was imported, the numbers of tractors has
been increased to about 200000.
• Wheat-corn rotation in irrigated lands is common in many places!
23. Soil Physical Degradation in Iran
1. Soil Compaction & Plow pans (Agricultural Soils)
Resistance (M pa)
Soildepth(cm)
35302520151050
0 1 2 3 4
Compacted soil
Uncompacted soil
Azadegan (2008), 12 wheat field, Pakdasht, south-west of Tehran
Based on the results of “Soil Quality and Nutrient Cycling Assessment” Project (SWRI, not published):
• At least 10 percent of agricultural soils have the problem of soil compaction!
24. Soil Physical Degradation in Iran
1. Soil Compaction & Plow pans (Agricultural Soils)
Based on personal communication with our colleagues doing filed soil survey:
• Powpans has been recognized in many cases in the surveyed agricultural fields
• But there is no analysis and it has not been documented yet!
One of our priority in Iran for SSM is to document soil compaction and plowpan!
25. Soil compaction by grazing livestock
The total number of livestock's (2017) is 73.6 million.
• Sheep: 46.6 million
• Goat: 18.5 million
• Cow: 8.1 million
• Buffalo: 215000
• Camel: 184000
2. Soil Compaction in Rangelands and Pastures
This is 2.2 times of the rangelands grazing capacity!
About 70 percent of livestock’s production is
based on rangeland/pasture grazing!
• It is likely to have soil compaction in rangeland!
• But there is no national information in this case!
26. Soil Physical Degradation in Iran
3. Soil surface crust & structural crust
•Soil aggregate breakdown during rainfall events will result in formation of surface
sealing (surface crust)
• This crust affects many soil behaviors like infiltration and aeration which are
critical for soil quality
28. Spatial distribution of soil physical sampling points (nearly 41000 sample)
OC Texture EC SAR
Bulk
density
FC PWP
40280 36639 10253 1607 1500 745 700
29. Soil erosion
Watershed area under water erosion: 125 m ha
Water erosion average is BLM: 16.7 ton/ha/year
Economical impacts from soil erosion: >10 billion dollars/year
The lowest estimation of average soil erosion in Iran: 6 t/ha/y
(Arabkhedri, based on suspended sediment measurements)
Considering the tolerable soil loss in Iran which is based on
soil formation and is < 0.5 t/ha/y in average, the soil erosion
rate is at leased 12 times of tolerable!
The total area of Gully erosion in 20 provinces is: 1.19 Mh (Soufi)
More than 10000 landslides has been detected!
Conclusion:
30. 1. Monitoring and documentation of soil physical degradation
(compaction, crust and plowpan); soil water balance
2. Soil Biodiversity
The issues for collaboration with GSP
31. 3.Sufficient surface cover (e.g.
from growing plants, plant
residues, etc.) is present to
protect the soil
34. Biological measures
like seedling and
plantation of crops
Bio mechanical measures on
hillside
Mortar stone structures and
sapling planting
Small chek dam
35. 4.The soil organic matter is stable or increasing and
ideally close to the optimal level for the local
environment;
36.
37. Range of organic carbon content in agricultural soils of Iran
21.6%
40.0%
24.4%
14.0%
Very low <0.5%
Low 0.5-1%
Medium 1-1.5%
Optimum >1.5%
In 23700 soil samples
Balali et al. (2014)
SOC in
>60 percent of
soils is <1%
38. Changes of soil Organic carbon in several regions
Region Number of
Sample
SOC (1966) * Number of
Sample
SOC (2017) **
Gilan 231 3.63 1162 2.10
Mazandaran 188 2.29 1904 1.90
Golestan 85 1.97 2730 1.30
Central Fars 570 1.06 540 0.9
Isfehan 111 1.01 1056 0.50
Urmia 171 0.97 1953 1.20
Qazvin 122 0.58 184 0.70
Khorasan 387 0.98 325 0.7
*FAO report (1966)
** Soil nutrient databank (2017)
39. Three major reasons for lack of OC in soils of Iran
• Climatic condition
With the exception of north and some western regions of the country, there is not
enough capacity to the accumulation of organic carbon in soil because of the dry
and semi-dry condition.
• Undeveloped soils (Entisol, Inceptisol and Aridisol)
Unsuitability of soil quality (shallow depth, salinity and alkalinity, water logging,
low fertility of soils) affects the growth and development of plants and afterwards
the low amount of SOC storage
• Improper soil and crop management
Limited use of organic fertilizers,
Burning crop residues,
Inappropriate crop rotation and cropping system (e.g. monoculture),
Land use change (23 to 58 percent drop in SOC content because of the rangeland
change to dry farming in western regions of Iran),
Irregular and deep tillage
40. y = -0.014x2 + 0.496x + 1.949
R ² = 0.64, P <0.01
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
WheatYield(tha-1)
SOC Content (g kg-1)
286 (kg ha -1) increase in wheat yield per
1 (g kg-1) increase in soil organic carbon
(202 field survey)
Keshavarz et al. (2013)
Soil organic carbon effects on wheat production sustainability
43. 5.Availability and flows of nutrients are
appropriate to maintain or improve soil
fertility and productivity, and to reduce
their losses to the environment;
45. Passing the low of “Permission for establishing private soil & plant labs” in the
parliament in 1992
4/15/2019 47
46. Zone Nutrients
(critical level mg/kg)
P
(<15)
K
(<200)
Fe
(7.5)
Zn
(<1.0)
Mn
(<6.0)
Cu
(<1.0)
Central 68.1* 17.9 61.3 59.2 17.9 18.3
Caspian Sea Coastline 61.2 48.6 16 59.8 36.4 6.6
North West 77.3 12.5 79.1 76.2 32.4 22.9
Central Zagros 72.9 17.5 76.4 75.7 41.5 33
Khuzestan 88.1 59.9 79.8 62.8 83.5 47.6
North Dry 69 40 45.9 39.9 29.3 22
South Zagros 61.1 26.6 48.7 77.2 17.8 24.7
South Coast 85.2 74.4 100 34.8 17.4 95.7
South Dry 74.5 48 75.5 70.3 31.9 38.4
Khorasan 73.7 25.1 85.3 65.7 23.3 39.9
Average 72.1 30.3 67.6 71.6 37.6 30.5
Distribution of nutrient deficit in soils of different AEZ
* Percentage of soil samples
47. • Period 1. (1957-1984)
With the establishment of the Department of Soil genesis and Soil Fertility
in 1339 and in cooperation with FAO. The most important goal of soil
fertility research was the development of chemical fertilizer use.
• Period 2. (1985-1995)
With the expanding the establishment of soil and plant analysis laboratory,
research on site specific nutrient management was developed
• Period 3. (1996-2010)
Research continued with the aim of diversifying fertilizer use and
balanced plant nutrition
• Period 4. (2011-to now)
Integrated nutrient management was considered as the main strategy in
research with a holistic and participatory approach.
Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Research Over Time
48. Integrated soil fertility and plant nutrition management
(Appling chemical, organic and/or biological fertilizers to meet the plant nutrient needs
and embracing to the climate, environment and Socio-economic condition
•Compost/manure
•Green manure
•Organic matter
•Biological fixation
•Chemical fertilizers
•Residual effect of nutrient
•Expected yield
•Nutrient uptake
•Variety selection (Germplost)
•Cropping pattern
•Water management
•Management of pests, diseases and weeds
•Reducing erosion
•pH balance
•Reducing nutrient loss
•Increasing nutrient availability
•Soil texture
•pH
•Soil salinity
•Soil dryness
•Soil Organic matter
•Leaching
•Erosion
•Nutrient availability
Environment,
Economy and
Social situation
49. IPN and ISFM is dependent on biological
processes, compatible with germplasms, soil
and climatic conditions, strengthening soil
biological activity by optimizing the nutrient
cycle to minimize the use of external inputs
and maximizing the nutrient use efficiency
50. Main Research Priorities
1) Monitoring the fertility of the soil in time and space, updating and
completion of soil fertility information bank
2) Using remote and proximal sensing for diagnosis nutritional
disorders of plants
3) Determining suitable multiple criteria indices for interpreting soil
analysis data
4) Nutrient cycling, nutrient budgeting
5) Estimating the capacity of soils in reserving organic carbon,
achieving the optimum and desirable amount of organic carbon in
soil to obtain sustainable soil fertility and good soil ecological
services
6) Study the impact of different soil fertility and crop management on
SOC storage and dynamics
7) Nutrient management in conservation agriculture
8) Evaluation of various soil fertility and plant nutrition management
(Integrated soil fertility, site-specific nutrient, spoon feeding, …) to
sustain different cropping systems
9) Optimizing soil fertility and plant nutrition management to produce
healthy food, mitigate and adapt to climate change
56. Area, salinity levels and distribution of agricultural land in the province, which only
have a limitation of salinity and soil alkalinity
Area% Area(ha) provinces limitation classes
7.5 320355 Provinces- group 1 A IIA
20 859940
provinces- group 2
A IIIA
57 2435460
provinces- group3
A VA
15.5 662375
Provinces- group 4
A VIA
100 4278130
All provinces
total
57. Primary salinity:
most of salt-affected land has a
natural origin. Salts formed by
weathering of rocks or natural
external inputs.
Secondary Salinization:
close to 20% of salt-affected lands,
have a "man-made" origin. Human
activity refer to agricultural practices
and in particular to irrigation.
Source of salt and Salinization in Iran
Gholestan province
58. Source of salt in Iran’s soil
1. Natural causes
-Geological conditions :
A large part of country is
composed of salt formation and is
actually the main source of salt in
the plain.
- Climatic factors ( evaporation
,wind …).
-Transfer of salt from catchment or
salty area to cropping fields-
Stream salinity causing salinization
of surface water resources.
59. 2. human-induced causes
oOver exploitation of groundwater
oPoor subsurface drainage system
oDrainage water :Spreading drainage water in
agricultural lands
oprogressing of saline water toward agricultural
land
oUsing saline water to irrigate agricultural land.
oOver irrigation
oDeficit irrigation
oOvergrazing
oimproper land leveling.
60. o Implementing subsurface drainage
system to manage water table and
control salinity level in order to improve
agricultural area (640000 ha)- leaching
and drainage a.
o Installing an interceptor drainage system
to protect agricultural area and prevent
movement of salinity toward cropped
land
Activities and schemes ( projects)
61. o Improvement and reclamation of
saline and sodic soils (Chemical
Methods)
o Reducing salinity level using
Biological Methods via growing
plants on area(crop-based
management a.)
o Providing a database for saline
soil resources
o implementation of The training
programs
62. Improvement of agricultural lands with
implementing modernization schemes
in northern and southern Iran more than
550 hectares during 5 past year 1700)
ha)
Management of saline drainage water to
prevent entering within agricultural land
Cultivation of tolerant plants to salinity in
area that are sensitive to erosion. In the
central region and southern Iran
Salinity control in northern and southern (Khuzestan) Iran
gholestan
qazvin
khuzestan
66. Suggestions:
Approaches used to improve salt-prone soils
1. Conservation, reclamation and optimal utilization from agricultural soil
resources based on the sustainable development.
2. Reduce salinity level and prevent saline land .
3. protecting agricultural area from progressing salinity
4. development of subsurface drainage system to manage groundwater
table and control salinity level
5. Collaboration with research center in research projects to find proper
solution
6.Providing a road map to mange and control soil salinity.
67. 7.Water (e.g. from precipitation and supplementary
water sources such as irrigation) is efficiently
infiltrated and stored to meet the requirements of
plants and ensure the drainage of any excess;
68. The project was launched in the year 75 as the project of
the province's agricultural development capability in
seven areas of studies and research, natural resources
and watershed management, infrastructure engineering
services and land preparation and development of
horticulture, livestock and aquaculture, agricultural
mechanization, conversion and complementary
industries, systems And operating organizations, with a
total of 2,146 billion USD, were set up by national
experts.
73. Article 50 [Preservation of the Environment]
In the Islamic Republic, The preservation of
the environment, in which the present as well
as the future generations have a right to
flourishing social existence, is regarded as a
public duty in the Islamic Republic. Economic
and other activities that inevitably involve
pollution of the environment or cause
irreparable damage to it are therefore
forbidden. .
Article 50, Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
74. 76
Overview of existing environmental management legislation in Iran
Main emphasisYearName of legislation
National level
Legal framework for waste management2004Waste Management Law
Air pollution control (Stationary sources)2017Clean Air Act
Prohibits water pollution1994The Amendment of Water Pollution Prevention Guideline
Punishment for polluting environment1996Islamic Penal Code of Iran
Prohibits environmental pollution1974The Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (EPEA)
Conducting an EIA for solid waste
management projects
2017Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and
Framework
Solid waste disposal1955Municipality law
Disposal of hazardous waste, Recycling
Implementation of WML, Revitalization of
landfill
2003Vision 2025
International level
Transboundary movement and management
of hazardous and other wastes
1994Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal
Protect human health and the environment
from Persistent Organic Pollutants
2001The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Local level
Municipal Waste Management2009Tehran’s Integrated Waste Management Plan
Guidelines for Calculating urban Waste Management Fees
75. Executive bylaws Waste Management in Iran
77
The WML is supplemented by executive bylaws that contain specific
provisions for the various types of waste with respect to waste
generation avoidance, reduction, recycling, and disposal as well as
collection and transport that include:
Medical waste management
Agricultural Waste Management
Industrial Waste Management Regulation
Waste landfils
Electrical and Electronic Waste Management
PCB ( polychlorinated biphenyls) Waste Management (POPs),
Stockholm Convention
Waste Incineration
76. • Development of National Soil Pollution Atlas has been started in 13
provinces among 30,
• In this projects, the major hotspots (contaminated lands) and also the main
sources of contamination would be identified and prioritized for remediation
act.
• Also, based on this project a master plan would be defined to control, reduce,
and prevent the pollution and to implement the structural or non-structural
means of pollution control.
• Soil Reclamation and Its Monitoring
• Monitoring the Prevention of pollution
• Soil Health Indicators, Including Soil Biodiversity (Needs
to be linked to VGSSM and WSC)
• Organizational Integration in Policy Development,
Implementation and monitoring
1- Projects of Soil Pollution Prevention
projects
77. 1- Soil Pollution Atlas
GIS based studies
Fate and transport studies
Soil pollutant impact assessment on
water resources and
Identifying and determining high risk
regions based on pollution potential, land
use and soil sensitivity of the region
Identifying pollution trends based on
possible future pollution source and the
national 5-year development plans
78. Produce Zoning
Maps
Produce Sensitivity
and Risk Maps
Monitoring plans
………..
Create
Geo-database
Sampling pattern
Sampling& preparation
Deliver to laboratory
Quality and Control
Collect all Information,
Maps, and Satellite
Images
Field Visits, Preparation,
and Completion of
Pollution Forms
Produce GIS maps
and attributes
Work Plan
Classification based
on the use intensity of
soil
Analysis
Result Discussion
and Analysis
1- Soil Pollution Atlas
80. 2- Contamination potentioal maps based on pollutant sources
Agricultural pollution map
• For mapping of agricultural contamination,
the ratio of fertilizer and pesticide
consumption to agricultural land in each
basin was used.
Industrial pollution map
• Industrial pollution assessment maps based on
the total amount of industrial wastewater
parameters of the area, the number of
industrial towns of the area, the number of
industrial units and the number of employees
of the area took place.
81. Contamination maps based on pollutant sources
Urban pollution map
• To produce a map of urban pollution, the average
annual production of municipal waste was compared to
the area of the basin.
Total pollution map (based on pollutant sources)
83. 4-Site selection for Hazardous waste disposal
Department of the Environment (DOE) of Iran
Embarked on site selection projects for Hazardous
Waste Treatment Center (HWTC) for each of the
provinces across the country, within the past three
years.
84. • Scope of the work: In all provinces in two scales: 1:250,000
and 1:20,000
• GIS-Based with numerous layers of information including
• Meteorological
• Hydrological
• Hydrogeological
• Geological
• Accessebility
• EIA
• Population
• Land use, industrial zones, Soil maps, …
4- Site selection for Hazardous waste disposal
85. 4- Site selection for Hazardous waste disposal
Study Area
Tehran
Located in a semi-arid area
Hosting around 12 million people
Different Industries
Nazarabad
Charmshahr
Pishva
Aliabad
Abbasabad
Kharazmi
Firozkoh
Parand
Shamsabad
Eshtehard
86. 4- Site selection for Hazardous waste disposal
Layers of Information Used:
Population distribution (7 data layers)
Educational, recreational and populated centers (19 data
layers)
Hydrology & Hydrogeology (19 data layers)
Geology (6 data layers)
Land-use (19 data layers)
Road and transportation line (14 data layers)
Industrial zones (14 data layers)
93. 95
Location & History
Soil & Water Conservation Research Center of the
University of Tehran (UTSWCRC), is located in Koohin
region, between the Qazvin and Rasht.
The center was established since 1969, under
administration of the ministry of Agriculture, and was
transferred to the Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Tehran in 1999.
96. 98
Some of the center activities
Changinge the pattern of spring crops to autumn
planting.
Lentil seed registration named “Sabze Pardis” cultivar.
Chickpea seed registration, named “ Kahroba Pardis”
cultivar.
Identification and introduction of seeds of legumes and
forage crops is also on the agenda.
Construction of dry land orchards on slope area as a
pilot project.
97. 99
Conventional tillage (Moldboard plow)
(High disturbance and horizontal
displacement of soil)
Tillage and cultivation in slope
direction
Conventional dry land farming
(Runoff and Soil Erosion)
98. 100
Conservation Agriculture Systems
Three principles and some complementary aspects:
1. Minimizing the soil disturbance (No-till, Min. till, ….. ),
- Reducing the operation time and costs, improvement of soil quality.
2. Management of Crop residue,
- Increasing SOC, Improving plant nutrition, Enhancing soil microbial
activities, thermal adjustment.
3. applying of appropriate crop rotation,
- Soil quality improvement and pests & weeds control,
Other practices,
- Mixed cropping, improved seeds, Manure & fertilizers, and other
useful crop management measures.
99. 101
Conservation tillage
Retention of at least
30% crop residue on
soil surface
Conservation
tillage (Minimum
Tillage)
Conservation
tillage equipment
No tillage (Direct
Seeding) No Tillage planter
101. 103
Conservation agriculture measures have been
implemented more than 8 years in UTSWCRC.
Some of the significant results of the project are
presented here as:
1- The effects on soil quality,
2- Economic achievements.
102. 104
Effects of pilot project on Soil Quality Improvement
- Increasing the SOC content:
(Improved soil quality, Carbon sequestration, and reduction of
Greenhouse gases).
- Improvement of soil phosphorus and potassium,
(Enhanced soil fertility, and reduced fertilizer use).
- Modification of soil physical properties
(Hardpans removal, reducing of soil surface cracks, increased soil
aggregate stability and infiltration rate, improving the soil porosity
status and water holding capacity).
103. 105
Effects of pilot project on Soil Quality Improvement (Continued)
- Reduction of runoff and elimination of soil erosion,
- Preventing of evaporation, and soil moisture loss, and
increasing the rain water productivity.
- Adjustment of soil temperature in summer and winter, and
providing suitable conditions for seed germination and
plant establishment.
- Enhancing the biological activities, and increasing nitrogen
fixation by 100 percent.
104. 106
Soil Organic Carbon
Percent
Tillage Type
Conv. Red. NT Cons. Conv. Red. NT Cons. Conv. Red. NT Cons.
0 – 10 cm 10 – 20 cm 20 – 30 cm
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
106. 108
Aggregate stability (1-2 mm)
Percent
Tillage Type
Conv. Red. NT Cons. Conv. Red. NT Cons. Conv. Red. NT Cons.
0 – 10 cm 10 – 20 cm 20 – 30 cm91
89
87
85
83
81
79
107. 109
Plant available water
Percent
Tillage Type
Conv. Red. NT Cons. Conv. Red. NT Cons. Conv. Red. NT Cons.
0 – 10 cm 10 – 20 cm 20 – 30 cm
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
114. 116
The economic achievement of project(cost-benefit)
Reduction of production costs ( by 35 %)
Increasing of crop production ( by 100 %)
Reducing the time of machinery operation (by 65%)
Reduction of energy consumption (by 80%)
Increasing net income of farmers (By 500 %)
115. 117
Comparison of wheat yield in different tillage systems
(kg/ha)
Tillage Type
No Till Red. Till Cons. Till Conv. Till
347
761
720
652
116. 118
Total dry matter of Wheat (TDM)
(kg/ha)
Tillage Type
Conv. Till Cons. Till Red. Till No Till
3150
3535
4271
2238
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
117. 119
Gross income of wheat productionUSD/ha
Tillage Type
No Till Red. Till Cons. Till Conv. Till
137
288
263
237
350
315
280
245
210
175
140
105
70
35
0
118. 120
Machinery operation time (min/ha)min/ha
Tillage Type
Conv. Till Cons. Till Red. Till No Till
87
159149
390
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
121. 123
Wheat production costUSD/kg
Tillage Type
No Till Red. Till Cons. Till Conv. Till
0.30
0.10
0.110.105
0.33
0.30
0.26
0.23
0.20
0.17
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.03
0
122. 124
Net income of wheat production
Tillage Type
No Till Red. Till Cons. Till Conv. Till
0.10
0.28
0.250.26
0.30
0.26
0.23
0.20
0.17
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.03
0
USD/kg
123. 125
Net income of wheat productionUSD/ha
Tillage Type
No Till Red. Till Cons. Till Conv. Till
36
213
187
169
223
200
167
133
100
67
33
0
124. 126
Other benefits of CA pilot project
o Elimination of fallow from the three year rotation system in the
region, and replacing the best crop in rotation, or implementing
green fallow instead of black fallow (Increased area for
cultivation, by 30%)
o Create favorable conditions for mechanized harvesting of some
crops such as chickpea in the region, and facilitate operations.
o Reducing the damages caused by frost, weeds, disease and
pests.
o Helping to fulfill the international obligations of the IRI in
relation to environmental issues (carbon sequestration and
125. 127
An Important Note
The findings of the project has been confirmed by the ministry
of agriculture-Jahad, and strongly accepted by farmers in
different provinces over the past few years.
At past cropping year (2017-2018), in the Qazvin province,
about 300 ha. of private land have been cultivated under the
consultation of our research center, that had surprising results
for farmers.
Therefore, at current cropping year (2018-2019), more
than 1500 ha. is under cultivation using conservation
tillage.
128. Changes in Per Capita of Agricultural
Lands in Iran Over Time
Year Population
(million people)
Cultivated Area
(million ha)
Per Capita Land
(ha)
1993 57 15.5 0.27
2003 68 17.7 0.26
2014 79 16.4 0.21
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 2015 & 2016
129. Distribution of plot sizes:
Plot Size
(ha)
Area
(m ha)
Percent
Number of
Farm-holders
(million)
Percent
< 5 0.3 ~18% 2.5 ~75%
5 < 50 10.4 ~58% 0.8 ~23%
50 < 4.0 ~23% 0.1 ~1%
14.7 3.4
130. Soil Sealing & Land use change
•during 40 years (1955-2001) about 190000 ha LUC due to expansion of 6 big cities!
• from Mar 2006- Mar 2018 total land use change was about 136000 ha
• average annual rate of LUC is about 11000 ha
131. Illegal Land Use Change
• According to the articles 3 and 10 of the act, changing the
land use of agricultural lands is prohibited, punishable
based on verdict of courts by:
• Demolition of the structures
• Fines equal to 100% up to 300% of the price of land after
land use change
• Furthermore, people who commit illegal land use change
more than once may also be subject to a maximum of 6
months of incarceration
133. Map of Land Use Change Permits Since Mar. 2015
█ Related to Agriculture
█ Not Related to Agriculture
█ Not Related to Agriculture but Exempt from tariffs
134. Challenges and factors
affecting land use change
• Lack of spatial planning
• Urbanization
• Conversion of villages to cities
• Expansion of village borders
• Increasing interest in the ownership of country cottages and
secondary residences outside city borders
• Value added after land use change
• The cultural viewpoint of land as commodity
• Quality agricultural lands in suburban areas are not being cultivated
and are threatened by urbanization.
136. Fragmentation
of agricultural lands
• The law of ‘Prevention of the fragmentation of agricultural lands and
determination of optimum technical/economical plot sizes’ was passed in 2008
• Plot sizes were determined by the government, based on land type (farms and
orchards), farm holders (single, communities, cooperatives, companies), water
resources (watered and rain-fed) and soil quality for 404 municipalities
• A variety of technical, legal and financial incentives have been devised for the
farm-holders who decide to consolidate their lands and increase plot sizes
137. Prevention of
Land Use Change
• ‘Preservation of the land use of farmlands and
orchards’ act was passed by the parliament in 1995
• According to the act, changing the land use of
agricultural lands outside of the borders of cities,
towns and villages has been prohibited, except when
deemed necessary.
138. Implemented Policies and Operations
for prevention of land use change
• Implementation of online services and supervision/scrutiny systems
• Use of GIS and RS based systems
• Detection of Land Use Change Reconnaissance Vehicles
• Land Use Change Reporting System for Civilians (Phone No. 131)
• Formation of ‘The National Workgroup of Preservation of
Agricultural Lands’
139. Future Prospects
• Formation of the Command Center for Preservation of
Agricultural Lands
• Satellite Based Survey of Agricultural Lands
• Cadaster for Agricultural Lands (1:2000 scale)
• Collecting data of farm holders by the means of
questionnaires and field survey
141. 12/4/2018 143
• Preparation of soil maps at national, regional and local levels.
• Research on soil genesis and classification.
• Establishment of national soil data base.
•Application of new techniques in soil survey activities.
• Contribution to soil knowledge by publishing scientific articles.
•Technical supervision on soil survey activities performed by privet agencies.
What we do
142. 12/4/2018 144
Area of lands covered by soil survey investigations in Iran
Map scale
Area
ha %
000100:1 0003001 6
00050:1 00080016 75
00020:1 0003003 15
Others 0000001 4
Total 00040022 100
Soil Study and Land Classification of More Than 22 Million ha of
Arable Land
143. 12/4/2018 145
Level of Details and Land Areas Covered by Soil
Survey Investigations in Iran
Level of details
Area
ha %
Reconnaissance 00050012 56
Semi detail 0002509 41
detail 000650 3
Total 00040022 100
144. 14612/4/2018
Ministry of agriculture Jihad
Agricultural Research Education And Extension Organization
Soil and Water Research Institute
Iran Soil GeoPortal
The construction of soil resource databases in addition to managing and
protecting soil resources, environment and valuable soil data, provide different
user needs.