This document discusses bioenergy technology, products, and developments in Nigeria. It begins by introducing bioenergy and describing various thermal and biochemical bioenergy technologies. It then provides an overview of Nigeria's energy resources, including biomass resources like agricultural crops, residues, and waste. The document outlines Nigeria's bioenergy policies and incentives program and notes challenges around infrastructure, implementation, and incentives. It concludes by emphasizing the large availability of biomass resources in Nigeria and importance of exploring bioenergy alternatives to fossil fuels for future generations.

1. TUBONEMI EMMANUEL T. (219031)
BIOENERGY -
TECHNOLOGY,
PRODUCTS AND
DEVELOPMENTS IN
NIGERIA.

2. Table of Contents
 Introduction - (Bio-energy)
 Bioenergy technology and associated products
 Overview of energy resources in Nigeria
 Bioenergy resources in Nigeria – Policies, Prospects and
Challenges
 Economic importance of Bio-energy
 Discussion and conclusion

3. Introduction - Bioenergy
What is Energy?

4. Bioenergy technology and associated products
THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES

5. Bioenergy technology and associated products
THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
 Combustion in excess air
 Direct combustion
 Co-firing or co-combustion
 Gasification in reduced air
 Pyrolysis in the absence of air
 Anaerobic digestion
 Fermentation
 Vegetable oil trans-esterification
BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES

6. Overview of Energy Resources in Nigeria
Figure 2: 81% of African house-hold burn solid fossil fuels, with about
70% depending on wood based biomass as their primary cooking fuel
Hydropower Biomass Natural gas Oil
Figure 1: Energy supply in Nigeria for 2005 (Osaghae,
2009; Obioh and Fagbenle, 2009 )

7. Biomass Resources in Nigeria
Biomass resources available in the country include
the following:
 Agricultural crops
 Agricultural crop residues
 Fuel wood and forestry residues
 Municipal Solid Waste
 Industrial wastes
 Wood shavings
 Residues from food
Overall potential: 1.2 PJ (1990).
Fuel wood: > 39 million tonnes from 1989-
2000 (Sharma N, Kalra KL, Oberoi
HS, Bansal S, 2007).
Agricultural residues Residues from food
Municipal Solid Waste / Industrial wastes Agricultural residues
Figure 2: Various Biomass resources in Nigeria. Source: Google images

8. Products derived from Biomass
Figure 3: Development of Co2 emissions from 1979 in million tons. Source: Google images

9. Biomass Resources in Nigeria
Table 2: Production and consumption of forest resources in Nigeria in 2008
Product Production (1000m3) Consumption (1000m3) Exports(1000m3)
Wood fuel 62, 389 62, 378 2
Industrial round wood 9418 9379 40
Sawn wood 2000 1994 8
Pulp for paper 23 57 1
Wood based panels 95 161 3
Paper and paper board 19 375 1
Table 1: Biomass resources and estimated quantities
Resource Quantity (million tonnes) Energy value (000 MJ)
Fuel wood 39.1000 531.0000
Agro-waste 11.2444 147.7000
Saw dust 1.8000 31.4333
MSW 4.0750
Source (Sambo, 2009)

10. Biomass Resources in Nigeria: Policies & Prospects
Policies and prospects
Nigeria has developed a policy on biofuel which has been
included in the Nigerian Biofuel Policy and Incentives No. 72
Vol. 94 and is dated June 20, 2007 (Sahel and West Africa
Club (SWAC)/Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) 2008). The key provisions include;
 The approval of an inclusion rate of 10% for ethanol and
20% for biodiesel, with a view to creating national demand.
 Official designation/classification of biofuel as an
agriculture related industrial sector.
 Tax measures that include reductions and exceptions from
duties and VAT.
 Establishment of the biofuel energy commission, responsible
for managing the industry in conjunction with ministries and
agencies; regulation of imports; and establishment of a
biofuel research agency (Salman Z, 2008).
Key problems
 Lack of infrastructure and high cost of industrial
production, which generate cash squeeze for
companies and the resultant failure to invest in
technology renewal.
 Poor implementation of stimulus packages due to
policy inconsistencies, conflicting laws, and
regulations, which wane the trust of investors on new
government initiatives.
 Poor incentives for converting to low carbon energy
technologies.
 Inadequate inter-agency coordination; financial
constraints because the Nigerian financial market is
presently not deep enough to offer long-term loans at
reasonable interest rates; and poor public awareness.
 Threat to food security and its environment
( Salman Z, 2008)

11. Conclusion
The world is energy‐hungry and increasingly so. There are concerns that some developed countries’ need for oil may make
them economic or moral hostages to countries that are oil producers. And above all is the realisation that burning fossil fuels
(principally coal, natural gas and oil) is the major contributor to anthropogenic climate change. There is thus a drive to
develop renewable sources of energy, sources of energy that do not involve burning fossil fuels. And we have to say, there
has been very good progress in generation of electricity via environmental energy sources.
Currently research aimed at finding ways of using renewable biological resources to provide fuels mainly for transport which
becomes ever more urgent as the reality of climate change becomes more apparent is ongoing. Biofuels, therefore, should
be viewed in the context of sustainability, either as alternatives to reduce petroleum use during the transition to other forms
of transport, energy or primary materials, or as a way to mitigate climate change. The use of petroleum distillate in mass
transport did not happen overnight (indeed petrol was once considered a waste product of oil refining); likewise, biofuels are
at the very early stages of development.
As yet, we cannot pick the future biofuel ‘winners’, but any biofuel solution (and there may be several) must be responsive to
a number of criteria, including cost, technical feasibility, efficiency, reliability, sustainability and, arguably most difficult of all,
our lifestyle expectations. The conversion of biomass to energy will be rewarding, given the large availability of the biomass
resources in the country. Utilization of bioenergy has not been given serious implementation attention in Nigeria as if the
fossil fuel will be continuing forever. It is important for Nigeria to look inward to see that the future generations will not be
put at disadvantage through the continued exploitation of fossil resources by exploring alternatives energy sources. The
energy challenge of Nigeria will be a thing of the past if the abundant biomass resources in the country is tapped and used
to generate electricity.