Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
English Lexicography
1.
2. Lexicography is the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries. It
is the oldest part of lexicology.
In Lexicology,
word is a part of the system.
In Lexicography,
word is an individual unit in respect of its meaning and use from the
practical point of its use by the reader of the dictionary for learning
the language or comprehending texts in it or for any other purpose.
The lexicographers are mostly guided by the principle of convenience
in retrieval of the data and arrange words usually in alphabetical
order.
3. Dictionary is a book that lists the words of a language in a certain
order (usually alphabetical) and gives their meanings or equivalent
words in a different language.
Latin forms ‘dictionaries’ or ‘dictionarium’, from ‘dictio’ ‘action of
saying’ or ‘word’, itself from the verb ‘dicere’, ‘say’.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) ‘dictonarius’ was
used for the first time in 1225 by the poet and grammarian
Joannes de Garlandia, or John of Garland(e) (1195 - 1272).
4. 600-700 AD
glosses of religious books
the Leiden Glossary
the Epinal Glossary
the Erfurt Glossary
the Corpus Glossary (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)
5. https://archive.org/details/corpuspinalerf00lindiala
The Leiden Glossary is a collection of
smaller glossaries (sets of glosses) under
the name of the treatise from which it was
extracted. The words are in the order in
which they happened to come in the
treatise without any further.
The Epinal Glossary has advanced to
first-letter order: all the A-words
come together, followed by all the B-
words and so on to Z.
In the Epinal Glossary there were
only a few English words, in the
Corpus Glossary their number
increased.
6. Aelfric, abbot of Eynsham
monastery near Oxford, compiled
a glossary that was ordered
thematically. It was a list of Latin
words, with Old English
equivalents with such topics as
‘God, heaven, angels, sun, moon,
earth, sea, herbs, trees, weapons,
metals, precious stones’.
7. Six important vocabularies of the fifteenth century are printed by
Wright-Wuelcker, most of them arranged under subject headings.
About the middle of the century, also, was compiled the famous
Medulla Grammatice, designated as ‘the first Latin-English
dictionary’.
Medulla Grammatice or Medulla Grammaticae ("the Marrow of
Grammar") is collection of fifteenth century Latin-Middle English
glossaries in the British Museum.
The English Dictionary, like the English Constitution, is the creation of no one
man, and of no one age; it is a growth that has slowly developed itself down the
ages. Its beginnings lie far back in times almost prehistoric. And these
beginnings themselves, although the English Dictionary of to-day is lineally
developed from them, were neither Dictionaries, nor even English. As to their
language, they were in the first place and principally Latin: as to their
substance, they consisted, in large part at least, of glosses. They were Latin,
because at the time to which we refer, the seventh and eighth centuries of our
era, Latin was in Western Europe the only language of books, the learning of
Latin the portal to all learning
8. Robert Cawdrey
A Table Alphabetical of Hard
Usuall English Wordes
(1604)
John Bullokar
An English Expositor
(1616)
Henry Cockeram
English Dictionarie
(1623)
9. A New English Dictionary
by John Kersey (1702).
The lexicon included 28,000
entries of general vocabulary.
Nathaniel Bailey’s An Universal
Etymological Dictionary of 1721
40,000 headwords of everyday
general vocabulary, unusual words
and etymology.
10. DICTIONARY OF
THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
the landmark in establishing
the role of lexicographer as an
authority on the correct
spelling, pronunciation and
definitions
114,000 citations to
prove definitions,
connotations;
commentaries if he
doubted the usage
a corpus of
authentic
literary texts by
the best,
reputable
authors
the meaning of
the words in
chronological
order, from the
literal to the
figurative,
metaphorical,
stylistic meaning
11. In 1858, one of the members of the English philological society Dr.
Trench raised the question of compiling such a dictionary, which would
include all the words existing in the English language, irrespective of
their style. The first volume was published in 1884, the last one - in
1928. A supplement appeared in 1933. The dictionary was called “A New
English Dictionary on Historical Principles” (NED) and consisted of
twelve volumes. About one thousand people took part in collecting the
material for it. In 1933, it was republished under the title “The Oxford
English Dictionary” and consisted of thirteen volumes.
12. The title The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used unofficially on
the covers of the series/
In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the former
name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-
volume supplement.
Since 2000, a third edition of the dictionary has been underway,
approximately a third of which is now complete.
The first electronic version of the dictionary was made available in 1988.
The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was
receiving over two million hits per month.
The third edition of the dictionary will probably only appear in electronic
form; Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press, feels it
unlikely that it will ever be printed.
13. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) was first
published by Longman in 1978.
The latest version of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English is
the sixth edition. The premium website was revised during 2014 and
2015 and offers over a million corpus examples, exceeding that of the
paper version and also supplying sound files for every word and 88,000
example sentences, along with various tools for study, teaching,
examinations and grammar.
The gratis LDOCE online was updated to its current layout in 2008 and
offers a search (with spelling assistance), definitions; collocations; many
examples and pictures.
14. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary was first published in 1995
under the name Cambridge International Dictionary of English, by the
Cambridge University Press. The dictionary has over 140,000 words,
phrases, and meanings. It is suitable for learners at CEF levels B2-C2.
First edition first published in 2003
Second edition first published in 2005
Third edition first published in 2008
Fourth edition first published in 2013
