The word “cosmetics” comes from the Greek word kosmetikos meaning “skilled in adornment/decoration”. The way people wear makeup and the reasons why they wear it have changed dramatically over time and through different cultures.

1. By
ELEGBELEYE OLADIPO AYODAMOPE
COSMETIC INDUSTRY
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2. INTRODUCTION
• The word “cosmetics” comes from the Greek word kosmetikos meaning “skilled in
adornment/decoration”. The way people wear makeup and the reasons why they wear it
have changed dramatically over time and through different cultures.
• Several chemicals in cosmetics not only cause harm to human health but also cause
a great deal of environmental problems
• The personal care products of most frequent use include soaps, fragrances, solvents,
non-ionic and anionic surfactants, bleaches, dyes, sunscreen agents, etc
•
• Cosmetic wastewaters are characterized by relatively high values of chemical oxygen
demand (COD), suspended solids, fats, oils and detergents. (Ritter, 1989)
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3. PROCESS SCHEME
• Most Cosmetic Industries have different process scheme, however in this report we will study
some few of them.
The process of Making Soap is called Saponification
1) SOAP
• Soap requires two major raw materials: fat and alkali (sodium hydroxide or Potassium
hydroxide )
• PROCESS
1. Batch process or Kettle process
I. Boiling
II. Salting
III. Strong change
IV. Pitching
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4. 2. CONTINUOUS PROCESS
I. Splitting
II. Mixing
III. Cooling and finishing
IV. Milling
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5. 5

6. Process for the Manufacture of Soap
(A Process Flow Diagram)
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7. • Byproducts
Glycerin is a very useful byproduct of soap manufacture. It is used to make hand lotion, drugs,
and nitroglycerin, the main component of explosives such as dynamite.
The major pollution source is the waste water coming from the production process
2) Shampoo
• Raw materials
• Hair shampoos are highly formulated products based on a limited range of cosmetically
acceptable surface active agents, plus conditioning agents, pearling agents,
antimicrobials agents, colors and fragrance.
• PROCESS: Shampoos are produced by mixing all ingredients. Raw materials must
be prepared and weighed by weighing machine. Then they are mixed in bulk material
mixer at approximately 80oC. Some components vaporize easily such as perfume so that
they need to be mixed separately at lower temperature of 25oC in side mixer.
• After premixing, ingredients are mixed properly in main mixer at about 32oC. After that,
the liquid is transferred to storage tanks before being filled into bottles or refill bags. When
production batch completes, machines are cleaned by hot water at 80oC.
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8. • 1. Pre-weight station 2. Bulk mixer 3. Side mixer 4. Main mixer 5. Bulk material storage
• 6. Filling machine 7. Storage tank 8. Clean in place unit
Shampoo process flow diagram
By-products : No by-products are produced during the shampoo manufacturing process.
The major pollution source is the waste water coming from the production process 8

9. • Effect of Wastewater parameters above the standard
• BOD,COD,TDS and TSS:
Prevent light penetration because of suspended solid and turbidity of the water which can result to
the death of the aquatic life and migration of aquatic animals. High oxygen demand in the
wastewater makes the micro organism to be less functional in the degradation of the toxic pollutant.
• Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorous
Nitrogen and phosphorous are good nutrients to the plants, when present in the water it helps the
aquatic plant grow well. But in high amount it causes eutrophication (algal bloom) which makes the
presence of aquatic plant to be high and in turn causes oxygen depletion.
• Oil and Grease
Oil and grease when present in water tend to float on the surface of the water making less way for
oxygen to dissolve and sunlight to penetrate. It has toxic effect and sometimes aesthetic
inconveniences. It also bio accumulate in the food chain
pH
High PH damage metal pipes and cause aesthetic problems, such as a metallic or sour taste,
laundry staining or blue-green stains in sinks and drains.
Water with a low pH may contain metals in addition to the before-mentioned copper, lead and zinc.
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10. COSMETIC WASTEWATER STANDARDS
All units are in milligram per liters unless otherwise stated.
Parameters Limit for
discharge into
surface water
Temperature Less than 400C within 15
meter
of outfall
Colour (Lovibond Units) 7
pH 6-9
BOD5 at 200C 50
Total suspended solids 30
Total dissolved solids 2,000
Chloride (as CL) 600
Sulphate (as SO42) 500
Sulphide (as S2) 0.2
Cyanide (as CN-) 0.1
Detergents (linear alkylate sulphonate as methylene blue active substance)
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Oil and grease 10
Nitrate (as NO3) NO3 20
Phosphate (as PO4
3-) 5
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11. TREATMENT PROCESS
1. Physiochemical Process
• Pretreatment
• Primary Treatment
• Secondary Treatment
• Tertiary Treatment
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12. • Treatment Using Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
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13. TREATMENT COAGULATION AND ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES
Coagulation:
It is the process of addition of a coagulant in the water to disrupt or neutralize colloidal
particles to stick together and form flocs. Coagulant chemicals with charges opposite those of
the suspended solids are added to the water to neutralize the negative charges on non
settlable solids. Once the charge is neutralized, the small suspended particles are capable of
sticking together.
• Hydrogen Peroxide/UV (H2O2/UV)
• The oxidation of organics can occur by either direct photolysis or reactions with hydroxyl
radicals. Hydroxyl radicals are produced from the photolytic dissociation of H2O2 in water
by UV irradiation.
• H2O2/UV process: H2O2 + hυ→ 2 •OH (λ <300 nm)
•OH + MTBE → Oxidation by-products
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14. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE/UV
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• Fenton Process: Hydrogen peroxide reacts with iron (II) to form Fenton’s reagent (an
unstable iron-oxide complex) that subsequently reacts to form hydroxyl radicals.
• Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + OH- + •OH
• Fe3+ + H2O2 → Fe2+ + •O2- + 2H+
• •O2- + Fe3+ → Fe2+ + O2
• The above three reactions cycle iron between the ferrous and ferric oxidation states until
the H2O2 is fully consumed, producing •OH in the process

16. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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17. • Reference.
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• 2. Maine, Sandy. The Soap Book: Simple Herbal Recipes. Interweave Press, 1995
• 3. Spitz, Luis, ed. Soap Technologies in the 1990s. American Oil Chemists Society, 1990
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